Conceptualization and numerical simulation of a karst subterranean river and its outlets using MODFLOW
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摘要:
在MODFLOW的三维渗流模拟程序集中, Conduit Flow Process(CFP)模块已被广泛用于模拟岩溶含水层中的管道流, 是岩溶地下水流模拟的重要工具。使用CFP模块概化暗河管道时, 暗河出口的概化有2种方案: 将暗河出口设置在管道模型中(FH方案)或等效多孔介质中(Dr方案), 其模拟效果有待评价。以重庆缙云山姜家龙洞暗河为例, 建立了考虑管道流的地下水流数值模型, 分别使用2种方案概化了暗河出口, 对比分析了稳定流和非稳定流的模拟结果。结果表明: 以排水沟(Drain)模块概化暗河出口的Dr方案, 暗河管道的上游段排泄地下水, 下游段反而补给含水层, 最终在排水沟单元排泄, 而定水头(Fix Head)概化的FH方案则准确模拟了暗河全段汇集地下水并在出口排泄出含水层的实际情况。进一步的水均衡分析揭示了模拟差异产生的原理。在模拟岩溶区地下水向暗河管道汇集的水文过程时, 如果使用CFP概化管道, 则宜配合使用CFP中的定水头边界概化暗河出口。
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关键词:
- 岩溶管道 /
- 管道-等效多孔介质耦合模型 /
- MODFLOW-CFP /
- 暗河
Abstract:Objective In the set of 3D seepage simulation programs of MODFLOW, the Conduit Flow Process (CFP) module has been widely used to represent karst conduits and karst aquifers and provides an important tool for groundwater simulation in karst areas.
Methods When using CFP module to conceptualize the subterranean river conduits and their outlets, there are two schemes for the conceptualization of the outlets: setting the subterranean river outlet in the conduit model (FH scheme) or in the equivalent porous medium (Dr scheme), whose simulation effects are to be evaluated. In this paper, a groundwater numerical model with conduit flow was constructed, taking the Jiangjia Subterranean River in Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing as an example. The outlets of the subterranean river were conceptualized by the aforementioned two schemes, and then the differences between the subsequent two simulations were analyzed and compared.
Results The results show that the FH scheme is better than the Dr scheme. The fixed head setting in the FH scheme can achieve the effect of groundwater discharge in all segments of the subterranean river, while the drain setting in the Dr scheme only discharges groundwater in the upstream of the subterranean river conduit, then recharges the aquifer in the downstream, and finally, the groundwater is discharged in the drain unit.
Conclusion The water balance analysis also demonstrates the advantage of the FH scheme in terms of the capacity of groundwater discharge and the function of aquifer storage.
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图 1 姜家龙洞流域水文地质简图
Figure 1. Hydrogeological schematic diagram of the Jiangjia Subterranean River system
图 2 青木关镇姜家龙洞暗河概念模型示意图
Figure 2. Conceptual model of the Jiangjia Subterranean River in Qingmuguan Town
图 3 稳定流模拟条件下2种方案流场对比图
Figure 3. Comparison of flow field under steady flow simulation of the two schemes
图 4 管道节点内部与外部水头示意图
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the internal and external heads of the conduit node
图 5 2种方案管道流量与交换水量对比图
Figure 5. Comparison of the traffic of matrix and tube in of the two methods
图 6 非稳定流条件下暗河出口流量图
Figure 6. Traffic of the outlet of the subterranean river under non-steady flow simulation
图 7 2种方案非稳定流模拟暗河出口局部流场对比图
Figure 7. Comparison of flow field at the outlet of the subterranean river of the two schemes
图 9 稳定流条件下等效多孔介质模型水均衡柱状图
Figure 9. Water balance of the model under steady flow simulation
图 10 2种方案非稳定流水均衡柱状图
Figure 10. Water balance of the model under non-steady flow simulation
表 1 模型主要参数取值[32]
Table 1. Values of main parameter for the model
CFP
管道参数直径/m 2.57 管道壁平均起伏高度/m 1.00 实际长度/km 11.16 管道壁平均起伏高度/m 1.00 下临界雷诺数 2 000.00 上临界雷诺数 40 000.00 管道内水流雷诺数 127 980.00 模型参数 渗透系数/(m·d-1) 0.25 给水度 0.40 
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表 2 非稳定流模拟降雨量[35]
Table 2. Rainfall used in non-steady flow
时段 历时 总降雨量/mm 识别期 2007/09/16 19:48-09/17 07:33 12 h 31.0 2007/10/10 08:03-10/15 08:05 5 d 59.4 验证期 2008/08/14 18:02-08/16 08:07 1 d14 h10 min 11.2 2008/08/25 01:42-08/25 20:12 18 h30 min 48.2 2008/08/26 06:27-08/30 09:42 4 d3 h20 min 41.2
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