Characteristics and controlling factors of the present geothermal field in the Songliao Basin
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摘要:
沉积盆地现今地温场反映了地球内部各种动力学过程之间的能量平衡状态, 既是了解大陆岩石圈构造变形及演化等大陆动力学问题的重要窗口, 也是开展区域地热资源潜力评价的基础。通过收集松辽盆地826口钻孔试油温度数据, 结合150个岩心样品热导率测试结果, 系统刻画了全盆地现今地温场特征, 基于深部温度预测技术计算了4 000 m深度内地层温度。结果表明, 松辽盆地现今地温梯度介于22.5~69.0℃/km之间, 平均值为44.0℃/km。中央坳陷区岩石热导率值比较集中, 大多介于1.60~2.40 W/(m·K)之间, 平均值为1.84 W/(m·K), 其中泥岩热导率最低, 平均值为1.77 W/(m·K); 粉砂岩热导率居中, 平均值为1.87 W/(m·K); 细砂岩热导率最高, 平均值为2.12 W/(m·K)。大地热流值介于35.0~98.8 mW/m2, 平均值为76.9 mW/m2, 为典型的"热盆", 平面上呈中部高、边部低的环带状展布特征。松辽盆地1 000 m深度的地层温度介于26.9~72.3℃, 平均值为47.9℃; 2 000 m深度的地层温度介于49.4~141.3℃, 平均值为91.9℃; 3 000 m深度的地层温度介于71.8~167.5℃, 平均值为135.8℃; 4 000 m深度的地层温度介于94.3~210.9℃, 平均值为179.8℃。综合分析认为, 太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲引发软流圈上涌, 区域岩石圈迅速减薄, 来自地幔的热量显著增加; 同时, 减薄的地壳更有利于地幔热量向上传导。盆地内广泛发育的NNE和NW向两组深大断裂系为地幔物质及热流上升提供了通道, 一部分地幔物质沿深大断裂熔融析离聚集在中下地壳内形成高导低速体, 持续加热地壳, 另一部分熔融物质经断裂系喷发形成新生代火山。盆地内广泛发育的花岗岩放射性元素衰变生热, 是松辽盆地内又一重要热源。此外, 松辽盆地不同构造单元地壳结构的差异是现今地温场不均匀性的重要原因, 基底和沉积层热导率的差异引起的热流"折射"效应, 促进了浅部热量的再分配, 形成了凹凸相间的热流分布格局。松辽盆地良好的储盖配置关系, 为热量的贮存提供了良好条件, 有利于松辽盆地地热资源的赋存与开发。
Abstract:Objective The geothermal field in the present sedimentary basin is a result of the energy balance between various dynamic processes on the Earth. It serves as an important tool for understanding continental dynamics, such as tectonic deformation and the evolution of the continental lithosphere. Additionally, it provides the basis for evaluating regional geothermal resources.
Methods A comprehensive study of the geothermal field in the entire Songliao Basin was conducted using oil-test temperatures from 826 wells and thermal conductivities measured by the optical scanning method. Formation temperatures at depths of 1 000 m, 2 000 m, 3 000 m, and 4 000 m were estimated using deep temperature prediction technology.
Results The results indicate that the present geothermal gradient in the Songliao Basin ranges from 22.5 to 69.0℃/km, with an average of 44.0℃/km. The thermal conductivity values of rocks in the central depression area are relatively concentrated, mostly ranging from 1.60 W/(m·K) to 2.40 W/(m·K), with an average of 1.84 W/(m·K). Among these, mudstone has the lowest thermal conductivity, with an average of 1.77 W/(m·K); siltstone has a middle range with an average of 1.87 W/(m·K); and fine sandstone has the highest thermal conductivity, with an average of 2.12 W/(m·K). The heat flow ranges from 35.0 to 98.8 mW/m2, with an average of 76.9 mW/m2. The basin exhibits a typical "hot basin" characteristic, with higher heat flow in the central depression and lower heat flow in the slope and uplift areas, forming an annular distribution pattern. Geothermal anomaly areas are distributed in the northeast of the central depression and the northwest of the southeastern uplifted region. The formation temperature at a depth of 1, 000 m ranges from 26.9 to 72.3℃, with an average of 47.9℃; at 2 000 m, it ranges from 49.4 to 141.3℃, with an average of 91.9℃; at 3 000 m, it ranges from 71.8 to 167.5℃, with an average of 135.8℃; and at 4 000 m, it ranges from 94.3 to 210.9℃, with an average of 179.8℃.
Conclusion These findings suggest that the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate has caused upwelling of the asthenosphere and rapid thinning of the regional lithosphere, resulting in a significant increase in heat from the mantle. Simultaneously, the thinned crust facilitates the upward conduction of mantle heat. The widespread NNE and NW fault systems in the basin provide channels for the rise of mantle material and heat flow. Some mantle material remains in the middle and lower crust along deep faults, forming high-conductivity and low-velocity bodies that continuously heat the crust. A portion of the volcanic activity in the Songliao Basin is attributed to the eruption of Cenozoic volcanoes through faults. The presence of granite in the basin's basement plays a significant role in generating heat through the decay of radioactive elements, thereby serving as an important heat source. The heterogeneity of the current geothermal field can be attributed to variations in crustal structure among different tectonic units. The difference in thermal conductivity between the basement and sedimentary layers leads to a "refraction" effect on heat flow, resulting in the redistribution of heat in the shallow part of the basin and the formation of a distinct heat flow distribution pattern between concave and convex areas. The favorable combination of reservoir capacity in the Songliao Basin provides ideal conditions for heat storage, making it conducive for the development of low- and medium-temperature geothermal resources.
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Key words:
- heat flow /
- geothermal gradient /
- deep temperature /
- oil-test temperature /
- Songliao Basin /
- geothermal field
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图 1 松辽盆地构造区划及测温钻孔分布示意图(a)和松辽盆地中部构造剖面图(b)
Figure 1. Structural subdivision and boreholes for temperature measurements(a) and structural cross section across the central part of the Songliao Basin(b)
图 2 松辽盆地不同地区钻井深度与温度的关系
F1.嫩江断裂带；F2.佳木斯-伊通断裂带；F3.西拉木伦河断裂带；F4.敦化-密山断裂带。图中地层代号说明见正文
Figure 2. Relationship between depth and temperature in various areas of the Songliao Basin
图 3 松辽盆地岩石热导率统计直方图
Figure 3. Histogram of thermal conductivity of rocks in the Songliao Basin
图 4 松辽盆地不同岩性岩石热导率随深度变化
Figure 4. Variation of the thermal conductivity of various lithologic rocks with depth in the Songliao Basin
图 5 松辽盆地代表性钻孔系列试油温度拟合地温梯度结果
Figure 5. Fitting results of the geothermal gradient based on the oil-testing temperature of typical boreholes in the Songliao Basin
图 6 松辽盆地现今地温梯度分布
Ⅰ1.大庆长垣；Ⅰ2.三肇凹陷；Ⅰ3.朝阳沟阶地；Ⅰ4.扶新隆起带；Ⅱ1.长春岭背斜带；Ⅱ2.宾县王府凹陷；Ⅱ3.青山口背斜带
Figure 6. Distribution of the present geothermal gradient in the Songliao Basin
图 7 松辽盆地现今大地热流分布
Figure 7. Distribution of the present heat flow in the Songliao Basin
图 8 松辽盆地1 000，2 000，3 000，4 000 m深度的温度分布
Figure 8. Temperature distribution at depths of 1 000, 2 000, 3 000, 4 000 m in the Songliao Basin
表 1 松辽盆地地温梯度及大地热流数据汇编
Table 1. Data set of the geothermal gradient and heat flow in the Songliao Basin
序号 测点名称 经度 纬度 地温梯度值/(℃·km-1) 热流值/(mW·m-2) 序号 测点名称 经度 纬度 地温梯度值/(℃·km-1) 热流值/(mW·m-2) 1 311 124°23′15″ 46°38′0″ / 69.5 2 314 124°34′30″ 46°9′30″ / 95.0 3 315 124°43′30″ 46°1′30″ / 80.8 4 316 124°51′30″ 46°27′30″ / 84.2 5 317 124°58′00″ 45°54′00″ / 75.4 6 320 125°43′15″ 47°3′15″ / 56.1 7 321 125°44′15″ 48°1′30″ / 44.4 8 322 125°49′30″ 45°46′30″ / 45.2 9 323 126°21′00″ 45°58′0″ / 80.4 10 324 132°0′30″ 47°0′30″ / 46.5 11 592 131°9′00″ 45°8′00″ / 56.8 12 593 130°59′00″ 45°7′00″ / 35.0 13 594 130°53′00″ 45°5′00″ / 69.9 14 598 113°49′22″ 33°44′23″ / 56.8 15 599 113°24′44″ 33°43′24″ / 35.0 16 600 113°28′50″ 33°45′31″ / 69.9 17 1 211 129°18′33″ 42°48′49″ 28.1 66.0 18 1 214 123°46′00″ 44°10′21″ 28.7 66.1 19 1 215 124°37′50″ 44°30′6″ / 66.0 20 1 216 124°7′38″ 44°39′22″ / 51.5 21 1 217 124°6′47″ 44°40′49″ / 58.3 22 1 218 124°7′57″ 44°37′48″ / 58.0 23 1 219 124°49′45″ 45°13′51″ / 76.0 24 1 219 124°49′45″ 45°13′51″ 66.3 25 1 220 124°49′45″ 45°13′51″ / 75.9 26 1 223 124°27′9″ 43°47′22″ / 75.1 27 1 224 124°28′43″ 43°48′26″ / 76.0 28 1 225 124°35′15″ 43°46′34″ / 77.5 29 1 226 124°34′51″ 43°46′43″ / 85.0 30 1 228 127°21′00″ 45°42′00″ 22.5 62.9 31 白92 123°2′36″ 45°36′1″ 44.5 78.0 32 朝52 125°48′18″ 45°47′5″ 56.0 94.6 33 川10 125°54′34″ 45°55′17″ 49.9 94.4 34 大208 124°8′42″ 45°28′4″ 45.3 90.2 35 大26 124°8′8″ 45°36′31″ 40.4 72.2 36 大45 124°2′18″ 45°32′40″ 45.1 87.9 37 大51 124°11′58″ 45°31′8″ 44.2 87.9 38 大56 123°58′22″ 45°22′47″ 41.7 81.3 39 德深5 125°27′38″ 44°19′23″ 33.1 90.0 40 方101 123°56′2″ 46°12′36″ 45.9 79.9 41 方52 123°56′6″ 46°8′44″ 45.3 78.2 42 方53 123°56′35″ 46°5′33″ 43.8 75.3 43 方54 123°53′41″ 46°7′3″ 43.8 75.4 44 方91 123°52′13″ 46°13′0″ 43.4 75.0 45 方97 123°58′57″ 46°2′23″ 47.3 70.2 46 扶126 125°5′11″ 45°7′33″ 58.7 91.0 47 高2-6 123°54′55″ 45°54′22″ 43.5 79.2 48 孤23 124°30′1″ 45°5′59″ 45.4 90.3 49 孤30 124°20′46″ 44°45′40″ 42.8 83.5 50 孤7 124°25′59″ 44°49′26″ 42.3 87.4 51 海27 123°51′20″ 45°10′40″ 38.1 68.1 52 海28 123°49′46″ 45°8′49″ 38.5 68.8 53 海35 123°41′23″ 45°9′55″ 41.5 81.3 54 海51 123°50′34″ 45°3′36″ 38.5 74.9 55 黑102 123°54′52″ 44°44′5″ 40.5 77.3 56 黑111 124°0′47″ 44°47′10″ 39.6 77.6 57 黑43 123°53′11″ 44°44′40″ 39.7 75.7 58 黑45 123°53′10″ 44°46′21″ 39.6 75.6 59 黑46 123°59′54″ 44°46′19″ 39.4 75.2 60 黑47 123°51′4″ 44°50′4″ 39.7 77.8 61 黑50 124°0′20″ 44°44′54″ 39.5 77.4 62 黑51 123°54′26″ 44°43′38″ 39.5 77.5 63 黑53 123°58′28″ 44°50′41″ 38.1 74.7 64 黑57 124°2′37″ 44°47′6″ 41.1 80.5 65 黑60 123°51′33″ 44°51′26″ 38.5 75.5 66 黑65 123°49′27″ 44°49′30″ 38.3 73.1 67 黑69 123°55′36″ 44°51′20″ 38.3 75.1 68 黑72 124°1′8″ 44°48′21″ 39.5 77.4 69 黑74 124°5′5″ 44°44′46″ 40.2 78.4 70 黑76 124°1′41″ 44°45′49″ 40.4 79.2 71 黑96-3 124°6′19″ 44°45′13″ 40.5 78.9 72 黑98-2 124°6′27″ 44°47′41″ 41.0 80.4 73 黑97 124°2′52″ 44°49′44″ 39.6 77.6 74 红78 124°2′18″ 45°41′33″ 41.5 80.9 75 红81 124°0′35″ 45°40′11″ 42.2 82.7 76 红90 124°3′11″ 45°35′11″ 45.0 88.1 77 红91 124°0′00″ 45°34′47″ 43.9 85.6 78 红94 123°58′30″ 45°35′59″ 43.1 83.9 79 花11 123°42′7″ 44°52′34″ 41.3 78.8 80 花16 123°48′15″ 44°51′14″ 39.9 78.3 81 花18 123°47′1″ 44°49′34″ 39.8 75.9 82 花7 123°46′36″ 44°53′48″ 39.9 78.2 83 吉10-14 124°29′34″ 45°14′40″ 52.8 86.2 84 吉检2 124°29′41″ 45°14′10″ 48.8 85.1 85 吉检3 124°29′46″ 45°14′18″ 51.4 82.3 86 老2-3 124°18′36″ 44°33′57″ 45.0 87.8 87 老7 124°16′54″ 44°34′11″ 44.2 86.2 88 民10 124°46′44″ 45°23′39″ 53.7 84.7 89 民13 124°48′46″ 45°23′9″ 56.3 89.7 90 民15 124°49′1″ 45°24′34″ 55.1 89.7 91 民33 124°44′46″ 45°18′8″ 56.8 90.7 92 民9 124°50′3″ 45°22′36″ 55.7 90.9 93 平7 123°25′22″ 45°14′54″ 54.0 80.5 94 乾124 123°55′24″ 44°49′33″ 38.9 76.2 95 乾122-1 124°5′7″ 44°59′12″ 44.6 87.4 96 乾20-3 124°8′37″ 44°55′27″ 39.7 77.9 97 乾133 124°12′53″ 44°41′56″ 42.6 83.4 98 乾139 123°54′49″ 44°48′54″ 37.7 72.0 99 乾157 123°59′37″ 44°55′9″ 39.1 74.6 100 乾165 124°3′21″ 45°3′32″ 40.6 79.5 101 乾174 124°2′37″ 45°0′19″ 40.4 79.2 102 乾180 123°56′16″ 45°0′57″ 38.7 75.8 103 乾202 124°10′2″ 44°57′0″ 41.0 80.4 104 乾3-9 124°7′29″ 44°57′10″ 40.5 79.0 105 乾深14 124°11′29″ 45°7′13″ 41.1 78.5 106 乾深2 124°11′18″ 44°57′18″ 39.4 77.3 107 乾北18-8 124°4′30″ 45°2′38″ 33.1 64.8 108 乾北20-8 124°4′30″ 45°2′49″ 31.9 62.5 109 青2 126°21′7″ 45°57′31″ / 95.4 110 三401 125°54′54″ 45°38′36″ 54.1 94.3 111 情东15-5 124°0′4″ 44°45′49″ 38.7 75.8 112 情西100-32 123°51′11″ 44°51′55″ 36.7 71.8 113 四501 125°56′12″ 45°40′58″ 56.4 95.0 114 五105 126°0′49″ 45°42′59″ 56.8 96.0 115 新326 124°25′31″ 45°19′10″ 51.8 80.9 116 新深1 124°26′55″ 45°13′16″ 42.0 83.5 117 英115 123°5′27″ 45°53′38″ 40.0 78.3 118 英124 123°53′7″ 45°53′31″ 41.2 70.8 119 英14-3 123°53′28″ 45°54′10″ 42.6 76.1 120 长102 125°14′24″ 45°22′14″ 66.1 98.8 注：序号1~30的热流值据文献[38]，序号31~120为新增热流值 
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表 2 松辽盆地一级构造单元大地热流统计结果
Table 2. Statistics of heat flow in the first structural units of the Songliao Basin
一级构造单元 地温梯度范围/(℃·km-1) 热流范围/(mW·m-2) 平均热流/(mW·m-2) 热流测点数量/个 中央坳陷区 22.6~64.4 35.0~95.0 76.7 100 东南隆起区 32.1~69.0 62.9~98.8 82.6 13 东北隆起区 28.2~52.5 80.4~95.4 87.9 2 西部斜坡区 32.4~57.7 78.0~80.5 79.2 2 北部倾没区 27.1~41.0 44.4~46.5 45.5 2 西南隆起区 — — 66.0 1
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