500 a来自然与人为因素对洞庭湖区水环境演变的影响

冯晨; 梁杏

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20230299

500 a来自然与人为因素对洞庭湖区水环境演变的影响

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20230299

冯晨^a, ,,
梁杏^b

a.
中国地质大学(武汉)艺术与传媒学院, 武汉 430074
b.
中国地质大学(武汉)环境学院, 武汉 430074

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 41772268

国家自然科学基金项目 41807199

详细信息

通讯作者:
冯晨, E-mail: 184766148@qq.com

中图分类号: X21
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- 文章访问数: 169
- PDF下载量: 25
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-05-24
- 录用日期: 2023-07-04
- 修回日期: 2023-06-29

Impact of human and natural factors on the water environment evolution of Dongting Lake area over the past 500 years

FENG Chen^{a
, ,},
LIANG Xing^b

a.
School of Arts and Communication, China University of Geosciences(Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
b.
School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences(Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China

More Information

Corresponding author: FENG Chen, E-mail: 184766148@qq.com

摘要

摘要:
为扭转洞庭湖区人-水之争严重制约湖区可持续发展的局面，需要厘清洞庭湖区水环境在自然和人为因素影响下的演变规律。通过梳理500 a来洞庭湖区人-水关系演变历程，研究了围垦建垸与长江水利工程对湖区水环境的影响，结合洞庭湖区构造沉降和来水来沙特征，探讨了人类活动与地质环境对湖区水环境演变的影响，分析了洞庭湖区与长江水沙蓄泄关系变化，以及洞庭湖区未来演化的趋势。结果表明：①持续围垦建垸，侵占了蓄滞洪水的水域，大幅削减了洞庭湖蓄洪能力。②荆江大堤的修建，抬高了荆江洪水位并对洞庭湖形成了顶托作用，加剧了丰水期洪涝灾害。③荆江裁弯取直，造成城陵矶-武汉段淤积，以及荆江三口分流河道衰退萎缩，致使洞庭湖入口萎缩、出口堵塞。④三峡水库运行后，洞庭湖来水泥沙淤积量大幅减少，城陵矶以下荆江河段泥沙淤积量大幅增加。人类工程造成洞庭湖调蓄洪水容量大幅减少，洪水难泄，洪灾加剧；洞庭湖出现淤积滩涂，枯水期加长，长江水难以流入，旱灾加剧。⑤江汉-洞庭湖平原目前仍处于构造沉降速度较快时期，由于洞庭湖泥沙淤积速率超过构造沉降量，造成洞庭湖容量逐年减小，洞庭湖部分地区有沼泽化的风险。
- 水环境 /
- 围垦建垸 /
- 水利工程 /
- 构造沉降 /
- 泥沙淤积 /
- 洞庭湖区 /
- 自然因素 /
- 人为因素
Abstract: Objective
The disputes among humans, water and land have seriously restricted the sustainable development of the Dongting Lake region (TDLR).
Methods
To address this issue, it is crucial to understand the evolution of the hydrological environment in the TDLR, enabling solutions to the competition for space between human activities and water. By determining the evolution of the human-water relationship in the TDLR over the past 500 years, the influences of natural and human factors on the evolution of the hydrological environment are studied.
Results
Considering the characteristics of tectonic subsidence and sediment inflow in the TDLR, an evolutionary model of the hydrological environment induced by human activities and the geological environment was obtained, and not only the changing trends in the storage and drainage of water and sediment in the TDLR and Yangtze River but also the possibility of future evolution of the TDLR were clarified.
Conclusion
The key finding are as follows: (1) The continuous land reclamation has encroached on floodwater retention areas, significantly reducing Dongting Lake's flood storage capacity. (2) The construction of the Jingjiang Dyke has raised flood levels in the Jingjiang River and exerted a backwater effect on Dongting Lake, exacerbating flood disasters during the high-water period. (3) The straightening of the Jingjiang River has led to sediment deposition from Chenglingji to Wuhan, and the decline of the three distributaries of the Jingjiang River, causing shrinkage at the lake's inlets and blockage at its outlets. (4) Since the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the sediment accumulation of the inflow water from Dongting Lake decreased significantly, and that of the Jingjiang reach below Chenglingji increased significantly. Under the influence of human activities, the flood storage capacity of Dongting Lake has decreased annually; therefore, the water inflow during flood periods is difficult to discharge, and dry water replenishment has gradually decreased; therefore, the dry period in the TDLR has lengthened, and water has difficulty flowing. As a result, both flood and drought disasters have intensified. (5) The Jianghan-Dongting Lake Plain is still undergoing rapid structural subsidence, but the rate of sedimentation exceeds the amount of tectonic settlement; hence, Dongting Lake is at risk of morphing into marshes and land.
- hydrological environment /
- reclamation and construction of dike /
- water conservancy project /
- tectonic subsidence /
- sedimentation /
- Dongting Lake region /
- natural factor /
- human factor
注释:

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

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图 1 洞庭湖区区位图

Figure 1. Location map of Dongting Lake region

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 洞庭湖区主要水系图

Figure 2. Main river system of Dongting Lake region

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图 3 近500 a来洞庭湖区城镇分布历史变迁图

Figure 3. Historical process of urban distribution around Dongting Lake region in the past 500 years

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 构造沉降使堤顶面及堤内地面高程降低示意图^[41]

虚线表示前期，实线表示后期；Δh和Δh′分别为前、后期洪水位与堤内堤面的高差

Figure 4. Process of tectonic subsidence lowering the elevation of the top surface and ground inside the dike

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图 5 500 a来洞庭湖区堤垸演化图

Figure 5. Invading process of dikes in Dongting Lake region in the past 500 years

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 洞庭湖区围湖造田和加固堤垸对水患影响模式示意图

Figure 6. Influence of reclaimed land and reinforced dikes on water disaster in the Dongting Lake district

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 不同方法求取得的洞庭平原现代构造沉降速率^[43]

Table 1. Modern tectonic subsidence rate of Dongting plain obtained by different methods

分线(片)范围	(视)构造沉降速率/(mm·a^-1)		求取方法
分线(片)范围	范围	平均值	求取方法
洞庭湖平原	8.8~18.2	12.2	GPS监测结果
洞庭盆地阶地丘陵区	2.3~6.1	3.1~4.4	一、二等水准重复测量法
洞庭盆地(垸地)	6.46~13.25	7.21	水尺基准重复测量
东、南洞庭湖水域	6.7~11.4	8.7	水下地形图与输沙法结合
洞庭湖区	8.56~11.43	10.71	长江水利委员会1925-1953年重复水准测量结果
注：直接法求得的结果称为构造沉降速率，间接法求得的结果称为视构造沉降速率

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表 2 洞庭平原第四纪以来平均(视)构造沉降速率^[41]

Table 2. Average(apparent) tectonic subsidence rate of Dongting Plain since Quaternary

不同时期	第四纪				历史时期	现代
不同时期	Qp₁	Qp₂	Qp₃	Qh₄	19世纪以来近两千年	1925-1953年	20世纪50-90年代
沉降速率/(mm·a^-1)	0.063	0.124	0.093	1.12	相对沉降快	10.71	8.4

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表 3 洞庭湖区不同历史时期的水面测算面积统计^[45]

Table 3. Statistics of water area in different historical periods of Dongting Lake region

时代	时间(公元)/年	实测面积/km²
西周	公元前900	1 209.16
春秋	公元前600	1 644.22
战国	公元前400	1 940.77
秦	公元前206	2 075.39
汉	0	2 200.87
三国	250	1 960.92
晋	300	2 185.45
南朝(齐)	479	2 457.03
隋	600	2 874.50
唐	900	4 525.74
五代十国	950	4 837.60
宋	1 127	5 480.34
元	1 300	5 531.71
明	1 575	5 154.07
明末清初	1 616	4 692.99
清末	1 896	4 587.55
民国	1 938	3 951.10
解放初期	1 954	3 762.62
20世纪70年代	1 977	2 609.32
20世纪末	1 997	2 625.46
21世纪初	2 007	2 526.18
	2 014	2 519.43

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表 4 地形图比对法与输沙量平衡法计算视构造沉降速率结果

Table 4. Subsidence rate of the apparent structure adopting the topographic map comparison method and sediment transport balance method

计算时段	计算方法	东洞庭湖	南洞庭湖
1952-1988年	地形图比对法地形高程增大值A/m	1.16	0.82
1952-1988年	输沙量平衡法泥沙平均淤高B/m	1.57	1.11
(A-B)/时段间隔=视构造沉降速率/(mm·a^-1)		-11.39	-8.06
1975-1995年	地形图比对法地形高程增大值A′/m	0.47	0.45
1975-1995年	输沙量平衡法泥沙平均淤高B′/m	0.66	0.504
(A′-B′)/时段间隔=视构造沉降速率/(mm·a^-1)		-6.70

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表 5 洞庭湖进出湖泥沙与湖区泥沙淤积统计^[46]

Table 5. Statistics of sediment in and out and sediment deposition in Dongting Lake region

统计时段	入湖泥沙量/(10⁴t·a^-1)			出湖泥沙量/(10⁴t·a^-1)	淤积泥沙量/(10⁴t·a^-1)	泥沙沉积率/%
统计时段	长江三口	湖南四水	长江三口+湖南四水	出湖泥沙量/(10⁴t·a^-1)	淤积泥沙量/(10⁴t·a^-1)	泥沙沉积率/%
1951-1966年	20 236	3 482	23 718	6 063	17 654	74.4
1967-1972年	14 109	4 083	18 192	5 263	12 928	71.1
1973-1980年	11 079	3 666	14 745	3 839	10 906	74.0
1981-1993年	10 323	2 357	12 680	3 045	9 635	76.0
1994-2002年	6 374	1 780	8 154	2 340	5 814	71.3
2003-2011年	1 113	798	1 911	1 656	256	13.4
1951-2011年	11 453	2 678	14 131	3 850	10 282	72.8

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表 6 1951-2015年洞庭湖区不同洪涝等级出现频率的年代际变化^[50]

Table 6. Interdecadal variation in the frequency of different flood grades in Dongting Lake region from 1951 to 2015

时期	极端洪涝	严重洪涝	中等洪涝	轻微洪涝
1951-1960年	0.83	1.67	5.00	13.33
1961-1970年	0	0.83	2.50	23.33
1971-1980年	0	0.83	6.67	12.50
1981-1990年	0	0	5.00	15.83
1991-2000年	0	1.67	10.00	18.33
2001-2015年	0	0	2.30	12.64
1951-2015年	0.14	0.83	5.24	16.00

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表 7 民国至1970s洞庭湖堤垸各时期面积变化统计^[33]

Table 7. Measure of the area of agricultural dikes in the Dongting Lake region(from the Republic of China to 1970s)

阶段	堤垸增加部分		堤垸减少部分		堤垸不变面积比例/%
阶段	面积比例/%	年增加率/%	面积比例/%	年减少率/%	堤垸不变面积比例/%
民国前期-民国后期	31.26	3.13	12.68	1.27	56.05
民国后期-解放初期	31.22	3.12	13.70	1.37	55.08
解放初期-20世纪70年代	11.98	0.86	3.40	0.24	84.61
20世纪70年代-现代	2.73	0.34	0	0	97.27

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表 8 下荆江裁弯前后长江三口(松滋、太平、藕池)分流分沙变化

Table 8. Distribution of flow and sediment in the three branches of the Yangtze River(Songzi, Taiping and Lotus Lake)before and after the river cut-off projects in the lower the Jingjiang stretch

占比	分流比/%			分沙比/%
占比	松滋	太平	藕池	松滋	太平	藕池
裁弯前(1951-1966年)	11.0	4.7	14.9	10.4	4.3	23.5
裁弯后(1973-1988年)	9.4	3.4	5.3	9.3	3.7	8.1

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表 9 下荆江裁弯前后洞庭湖来水来沙变化

Table 9. Inflow of water and sediment in Dongting Lake region before and after the river cut-off projects in the lower the Jingjiang stretch

占比	长江三口来水流量占比/%	湖南四水来水流量占比/%	长江三口来沙流量占比/%	湖南四水来沙流量占比/%
裁弯前(1951-1966年)	43.8	48.7	85.3	14.7
裁弯后(1973-1988年)	29.9	60.4	78.9	21.1

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