Heavy metal sources and ecological risk assessment of typical lead-zinc mining areas in Hebei Province
-
摘要:
为揭示河北省典型铅锌矿区重金属来源及生态风险,以河北省某铅锌矿区周边区域为研究对象,通过系统的田间采样采集了156件土壤样品,通过主成分分析(PCA)及正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型分析,分析了区域内重金属的来源;运用地累积指数法及潜在生态风险指数法进行了风险评价。研究结果表明,Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb和Hg质量分数平均值分别为53.6,25.7,62.7,692,10.6,1.75,142,0.129 mg/kg,除Cr,Ni和As外,其余5种重金属均处于不同的污染水平,平均值均超河北省土壤背景值,Hg,Cd,Zn,Pb和Cu的变异系数均大于1.75,As的变异系数大于0.5,表明这6种重金属属于高度变异。源解析显示,研究区土壤重金属的主要来源为采矿活动、自然来源、农业活动和金矿冶炼,其中,Pb,Zn和Cd主要源于采矿活动;Cr,Ni主要受自然母质的影响,属于自然来源;Cu主要受农业活动和采矿活动的双重影响;As受自然来源、采矿活动和农业活动三重控制;Hg主要源于金矿冶炼和采矿活动。PCA与PMF模型有机结合、彼此印证,增加了重金属来源解析结果的可信度。研究区存在人为因素引起的Hg和Cd污染,地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数高,生态风险总体属于极高生态风险,需要重点关注并开展治理工作。
Abstract:Objective To reveal the sources and ecological risks of heavy metals in a typical lead-zinc mining area in Hebei Province, 156 soil samples were collected around a zinc mining area in Hebei Province through a systematic field sampling method.
Methods The sources of heavy metals in the area were analysed via principal component analysis(PCA) and a positive matrix factorization(PMF) model. The risk assessment was carried out according to the index of geoaccumulation method and potential ecological risk index method.
Results The results show that the mean values of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and Hg are 53.6, 25.7, 62.7, 692, 10.6, 1.75, 142, 0.129 mg/kg, respectively. Except for Cr, Ni and As, the other 5 elements present at different pollution levels. Above the background values of the soils in Hebei Province, the coefficient of variation of Hg, Cd, Zn, Pb and Cu is more than 1.75, and the coefficient of variation of As exceeds 0.5, indicating the high variability of these 6 elements. The results of the source analysis reveal that the main sources of soil heavy metals include mining activities, natural sources, agricultural activities, and gold smelting. Zn, Cd and Pb were mainly derived from mining activities; Cr and Ni were influenced by natural parent materials and were derived from natural sources; Cu was mainly derived from agricultural activities and mining activities; As was controlled by natural sources, mining activities and agricultural activities; and Hg was originated from mainly gold smelting and mining activities. The combination of PCA and the PMF model to corroborate each other facilitates the reliability of the heavy metal source analysis results.
Conclusion There is anthropogenic Hg and Cd contamination in this area, as indicated by the high geoaccumulation indices and potential ecological risk indices. In addition, the ecological risk in general was found to be very high, and attention needs to be given to and management work to be carried out.
-
Key words:
- heavy metal /
- source analysis /
- statistical analysis /
- ecological risk /
- lead-zinc mining area /
- Hebei Province
-
表 1 Hakanson潜在生态风险分级标准[32]
Table 1. Grading standard of Hakanson potential ecological risk
单因子潜在生态风险指数Ejr 潜在生态风险指数RI 生态风险等级 <40 <150 低 [40, 80) [150, 300) 中等 [80, 160) [300, 600) 较高 [160, 320) ≥600 高 ≥320 — 极高 表 2 河北省某典型铅锌矿区及周边地区重金属质量分数特征
Table 2. Characteristics of heavy metal contents in a typical lead-zinc mining and surrounding areas in Hebei Province
项目 Cr Ni Cu Zn As Cd Pb Hg 最小值/(mg·kg-1) 16.0 13.5 17.3 64.2 1.95 0.10 12.4 0.005 9 最大值/(mg·kg-1) 81.9 35.5 818 11 864 35.3 29.7 1 512 3.75 平均值/(mg·kg-1) 53.6 25.7 62.7 692 10.6 1.75 142 0.129 标准差/(mg·kg-1) 12.6 5.08 110 1 558 5.65 3.93 251 0.366 变异系数CV 0.24 0.20 1.75 2.24 0.53 2.25 1.77 2.84 河北省重金属土壤背景值[27]/(mg·kg-1) 68.3 30.8 21.8 78.4 13.6 0.094 21.5 0.076[28] 农用地土壤污染风险筛选值[33]/(mg·kg-1) 250 190 100 300 25 0.6 170 3.4 超农用地土壤污染风险筛选值比例/% 0.00 0.00 11.9 30.6 4.38 35.6 18.8 1.25 表 3 土壤重金属含量主成分分析结果
Table 3. Results of principal component analysis of heavy metal content in the soil
重金属 PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 Cr -0.362 0.879 0.095 -0.003 Ni -0.184 0.952 0.149 -0.011 Cu 0.331 -0.299 0.863 0.142 Zn 0.941 0.209 -0.138 -0.118 As 0.683 0.425 0.445 -0.206 Cd 0.952 0.202 -0.118 -0.088 Pb 0.928 0.203 -0.172 -0.128 Hg 0.459 0.281 -0.086 0.836 方差贡献率/% 52.5 18.7 12.9 11.1 累积方差贡献率/% 52.5 71.2 84.1 95.2 表 4 土壤重金属测定值与模型预测值拟合结果
Table 4. Fitting results of the measured and model-predicted values of the soil heavy metals
重金属 决定系数R2 截距 斜率 信噪比(S/N) 预测值与实际值比(P/O) Cr 0.921 -4.070 1.072 10.0 0.99 Ni 0.869 -1.393 1.047 10.0 0.99 Cu 0.668 11.324 0.752 10.0 0.98 Zn 0.975 43.070 0.829 10.0 0.99 As 0.368 5.626 0.348 10.0 0.97 Cd 0.974 0.049 0.887 6.7 0.99 Pb 0.945 -25.174 1.220 10.0 0.99 Hg 0.999 -0.0004 1.005 9.8 1.00 表 5 土壤重金属潜在生态风险指数
Table 5. Potential ecological risk of heavy metals in soils
元素 潜在生态风险指数 占比/% 平均值 范围 低风险 中等风险 较高风险 高风险 极高风险 Cr 1.57 0.47~2.40 100 0 0 0 0 Ni 4.18 2.19~5.76 100 0 0 0 0 Cu 14.40 3.97~188 94.2 3.2 1.3 1.3 0 Zn 8.82 0.82~151 94.2 3.2 2.6 0 0 As 7.81 1.43~26.00 100 0 0 0 0 Cd 557.00 32.2~9 479 8.3 35.9 17.3 12.8 25.7 Pb 33.00 2.88~352 80.8 7.7 7.1 3.8 0.6 Hg 68.00 3.11~1 974 75.0 12.8 5.8 0.6 5.8 RI 695.00 58.0~10 025 44.2 23.1 9.6 23.1 — RI. 综合潜在生态风险指数 -
[1] LUO X, WU C, LIN Y, et al. Soil heavy metal pollution from Pb/Zn smelting regions in China and the remediation potential of biomineralization[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2023, 125(3): 662-677. [2] YAN K, WANG H, LAN Z, et al. Heavy metal pollution in the soil of contaminated sites in China: Research status and pollution assessment over the past two decades[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 373: 133780. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133780 [3] 张晓平, 吴志华, 陈佳木, 等. 砷在金属矿山中的赋存形态及迁移机制[J]. 地质科技通报, 2022, 41(4): 138-148. doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2022.0121ZHANG X P, WU Z H, CHEN J M, et al. Occurrence state and migration mechanism of arsenic in metal mines[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 2022, 41(4): 138-148. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2022.0121 [4] KUMAR S, PRASAD S, YADAV K K, et al. Hazardous heavy metals contamination of vegetables and food chain: Role of sustainable remediation approaches-A Review[J]. Environmental Research, 2019, 179: 108792. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108792 [5] ZHANG Y, SONG B, ZHOU Z. Pollution assessment and source apportionment of heavy metals in soil from lead-zinc mining areas of South China[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2023, 11(2): 109320. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2023.109320 [6] 陈佳木, 吴志华, 刘文浩, 等. 湖南水口山多金属矿区废石堆重金属污染评价及赋存形态分析[J]. 地球科学, 2021, 46(11): 4127-4139. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX202111025.htmCHEN J M, WU Z H, LIU W H, et al. Heavy metal pollution evaluation and species analysis of waste rock piles in Shuikoushan, Hunan Province[J]. Earth Science, 2021, 46(11): 4127-4139. (in Chinese with English abstract) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX202111025.htm [7] 徐迎春, 杨丽虎, 宋献方, 等. 基于保护敏感目标的场地地下水污染风险评估[J]. 地质科技通报, 2023, 42(3): 262-271. doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20220256XU Y C, YANG L H, SONG X F, et al. Site groundwater pollution risk assessment based on the protection of sensitive receptors[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 2023, 42(3): 262-271. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20220256 [8] HUANG C, ZHANG L, MENG J, et al. Characteristics, source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in urban road dust of the Pearl River Delta, South China[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2022, 236: 113490. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113490 [9] 王攀, 靳孟贵, 路东臣, 等. 永城市浅层地下水污染分布特征及来源识别[J]. 地质科技通报, 2022, 41(1): 260-268. doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2021.0136WANG P, JIN M G, LU D C, et al. Distribution characteristics and source identification of shallow groundwater pollution in Yongcheng City[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 2022, 41(1): 260-268. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2021.0136 [10] 黄波涛. 典型危废处置利用企业周边土壤重金属分布特征、来源及风险评价[J]. 环境化学, 2023, 42(2): 435-445. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJHX202302010.htmHUANG B T. Distribution characteristics, sources analysis and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soils surrounding typical hazardous waste disposal and utilization plants[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2023, 42(2): 435-445. (in Chinese with English abstract) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJHX202302010.htm [11] WANG J, ZHANG X, CHEN A, et al. Source analysis and risk evaluation of heavy metal in the river sediment of polymetallic mining area: Taking the Tonglüshan skarn type Cu-Fe-Au deposit as an example, Hubei section of the Yangtze River Basin, China[J]. China Geology, 2022, 5(4): 649-661. [12] LIU T, ZHU L H, BAO R, et al. Hydrodynamically-driven distribution and remobilization of heavy metals in surface sediments around the coastal area of Shandong Peninsula, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2023, 857(1): 159286. [13] JIN Y L, O'CONNOR D, YONG S O, et al. Assessment of sources of heavy metals in soil and dust at Children's playgrounds in Beijing using GIS and multivariate statistical analysis[J]. Environment International, 2019, 124: 320-328. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.024 [14] HUANG R J, CHEN R, JING M, et al. Source-specific heaith risk analysis on particulate trace elements: Coal combustion and traffic emission as major contributors in wintertime Beijing[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018, 52(19): 967-974. [15] ZHU K, TONG H Y, ZHANG D H, et al. Analysis of heavy metal pollution characteristics and sources in surface sediments of major rivers in the Jiaozhou Bay area based on the positive matrix factorization model[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2023, 42(3): 743-756. [16] ZHANG Y, LI W, LI L, et al. Source apportionment of PM2.5 using PMF combined online bulk and single-particle measurements: Contribution of fireworks and biomass burning[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2024, 136: 325-336. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.12.019 [17] HU B, ZHOU Y, JIANG Y, et al. Spatio-temporal variation and source changes of potentially toxic elements in soil on a typical plain of the Yangtze River Delta, China(2002-2012)[J]. Jounal of Environmental Management, 2020, 271: 110943. [18] 陈航, 王颖, 王澍. 铜山矿区周边农田土壤重金属来源解析及污染评价[J]. 环境科学, 2022, 43(5): 2719-2731. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ202205047.htmCHEN H, WANG Y, WANG S. Source analysis and pollution assessment of heavy metals in farmland soil around Tongshan mining area[J]. Environmental Science, 2022, 43(5): 2719-2731. (in Chinese with English abstract) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ202205047.htm [19] 陈盟, 潘泳兴, 黄奕翔, 等. 阳朔典型铅锌矿区流域土壤重金属空间分布特征及来源解析[J]. 环境科学, 2022, 43(10): 4545-4555. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ202210025.htmCHEN M, PAN Y X, HUANG Y X, et al. Spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in soil of a typical lead-zinc mining area, Yangshuo[J]. Environmental Science, 2022, 43(10): 4545-4555. (in Chinese with English abstract) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ202210025.htm [20] 解洪晶, 王玉往, 孙志远, 等. 华北地块北缘铅锌矿床类型、地质特征及构造演化[J]. 地球学报, 2018, 39(6): 707-720. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQXB201806008.htmXIE H J, WANG Y W, SUN Z Y, et al. Types, characteristics, and tectonic evolution of Pb-Zn deposits on the northern margin of the North China Block[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2018, 39(6): 707-720. (in Chinese with English abstract) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQXB201806008.htm [21] 师淑娟, 宫进忠, 张洁. 河北省铅锌矿源层与地球化学块体[J]. 矿床地质, 2010, 29(2): 276-282. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-7106.2010.02.008SHI S J, GONG J Z, ZHANG J. Lead-zinc source beds and geochemical blocks in Hebei Province[J]. Mineral Deposits, 2010, 29(2): 276-282. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-7106.2010.02.008 [22] 赵雪朋, 宾金来. 河北省涞源县南赵庄铅锌矿地质特征[J]. 西部探矿工程, 2012, 24(11): 109-110. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBTK201211036.htmZHAO X P, BIN J L. Geological characteristics of Nanzhaozhuang lead-zinc deposit in Layuan County, Hebei Province[J]. West-China Exploration Engineering, 2012, 24(11): 109-110. (in Chinese with English abstract) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBTK201211036.htm [23] PAATERO P, TAPPER U. Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values[J]. Environmetrics, 1994, 5(2): 111-126. doi: 10.1002/env.3170050203 [24] LIU L, XU X H, HAN J L, et al. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soils in the world's largest barium-mining area: Pollution characteristics, source apportionment, and health risks using PMF model and Cd isotopes[J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2022, 166: 669-681. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2022.08.061 [25] 贾振邦, 周华, 赵智杰, 等. 应用地积累指数法评价太子河沉积物中重金属污染[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 2000, 36(4): 525-530. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0479-8023.2000.04.014JIA Z B, ZHOU H, ZHAO Z J, et al. The application of the index of geoaccumulation to evaluate heavy metal pollution in sediments in the benxi section of the Taizi River[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2000, 36(4): 525-530. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0479-8023.2000.04.014 [26] WEERASUNDARA L, MAGANA-ARACHCHI D N, ABDUL M, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in atmospheric deposition in a congested city environment in a developing country: Kandy City, Sri Lanka[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2018, 220: 198-206. [27] 中国环境监测总站. 中国土壤元素背景值[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 1990.China National Environmental Monitoring Centre. Background values of soil elements in China[M]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 1990. (in Chinese) [28] 王凤仙, 胡玉清, 李生志. 河北省褐土重金属元素含量及其背景值[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 1987, 6(3): 21-23. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NHBH198703007.htmWANG F X, HU Y Q, LI S Z. Content and background value of heavy metal elements in brown soil of Hebei Province[J]. Agro-environment Protection, 1987, 6(3): 21-23. (in Chinese with English abstract) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NHBH198703007.htm [29] SHENG Y, WANG Z, FENG X. Potential ecological risk and zoning control strategies for heavy metals in soils surrounding core water sources: A case study from Danjiangkou Reservoir, China[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2023, 252: 114610. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114610 [30] 张丁, 黄容, 高雪松. 山地平原过渡带耕地土壤重金属空间特征及潜在生态风险因素探析[J]. 环境科学, 2022, 43(2): 946-956. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ202202037.htmZHANG D, HUANG R, GAO X S. Spatial characteristics and potential ecological risk factors of heavy metals in cultivated land in the transition zone of a mountain plain[J]. Environmental Science, 2022, 43(2): 946-956. (in Chinese with English abstract) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ202202037.htm [31] HAN Y, XUN F, ZHAO C, et al. Evaluating potential ecological risks of emerging toxic elements in lacustrine sediments: A case study in Lake Fuxian, China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2023, 323: 121277. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121277 [32] HAKANSON L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control: A sedimentological approach[J]. Water Research, 1980, 14(8): 975-1001. doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8 [33] 生态环境部, 国家市场监督管理总局. GB15618-2018: 土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2018.Ministry of Ecology and Environment, State Administration for Market Regulation. GB15618-2018: Soil environmental quality-risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2018. (in Chinese) [34] 柳峰, 李龙飞, 刘雨博, 等. 河北省某铅锌矿区周边耕地土壤重金属污染评价及来源分析[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2023, 37(1): 136-142. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GHZH202301019.htmLiu F, Li L F, Liu Y B, et al. Evaluation and sources of heavy metal pollution in soils of cultivated land around a lead-zinc mine area in Hebei Province[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2023, 37(1): 136-142. (in Chinese with English abstract) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GHZH202301019.htm [35] 赵靓, 梁云平, 陈倩, 等. 中国北方某市城市绿地土壤重金属空间分布特征、污染评价及来源解析[J]. 环境科学, 2020, 41(12): 5552-5561. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ202012041.htmZHAO L, LIANG Y P, CHEN Q, et al. Spatial distribution, contamination assessment, and sources of heavy metals in the urban green space soils of a city in North China[J]. Environmental Science, 2020, 41(12): 5552-5561. (in Chinese with English abstract) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ202012041.htm [36] 阮敏, 周康, 黄忠良, 等. 铅锌矿区废弃地修复客土层的重金属污染特征分析[J]. 环境科学学报, 2021, 41(9): 3803-3814. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJXX202109040.htmRUAN M, ZHOU K, HUANG Z L, et al. Analysis of heavy metal pollution characteristics of guest soil after restoration of abandoned lead-zinc mine area[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2021, 41(9): 3803-3814. (in Chinese with English abstract) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJXX202109040.htm [37] LIN Y, MA J, ZHANG Z, et al. Linkage between human population and trace elements in soils of the Pearl River Delta: Implications for source identification and risk assessment[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 610/611: 944-950. [38] 穆虹宇, 庄重, 李彦明, 等. 我国畜禽粪便重金属含量特征及土壤累积风险分析[J]. 环境科学, 2020, 41(2): 986-996. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ202002058.htmMU H Y, ZHUANG Z, LI Y M, et al. Heavy metal contents in animal manure in China and the related soil accumulation risks[J]. Environmental Science, 2020, 41(2): 986-996. (in Chinese with English abstract) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ202002058.htm [39] 蒋靖坤, 郝吉明, 吴烨, 等. 中国燃煤汞排放清单的初步建立[J]. 环境科学, 2005, 26(2): 34-39. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ200502006.htmJIANG J K, HAO J M, WU Y, et al. Development of mercury emission inventory from coal combustion in China[J]. Environmental Science, 2005, 26(2): 34-39. (in Chinese with English abstract) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ200502006.htm [40] WU Z, LI P, FENG X. Assessing the factors impacting the bioaccessibility of mercury(Hg) in rice consumption by an in-vitro method[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2022, 119(9): 119-129. [41] 李娇, 滕彦国, 吴劲, 等. PMF模型解析土壤重金属来源的不确定性[J]. 中国环境科学, 2020, 40(2): 716-725. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGHJ202002034.htmLI J, TENG Y G, WU J, et al. Uncertainty analysis of soil heavy metal source apportionment by PMF model[J]. China Environmental Science, 2020, 40(2): 716-725. (in Chinese with English abstract) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGHJ202002034.htm [42] LIANG J H, LIU Z Y, TIAN Y Q, et al. Research on health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil based on multi-factor source apportionment: A case study in Guangdong Province, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2023, 858(3): 159991.