A methodological study on the quantification of lacustrine groundwater discharge and nutrient fluxes to Honghu Lake
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摘要:
地下水在湖泊水量与营养盐均衡中的重要性日益受到关注，地下水向湖泊排泄水量与营养盐的时空变异性是当前研究的热点与难点。洪湖是长江中游的大型淡水湖泊，具有重要的调蓄功能和生态功能，但地下水在洪湖水循环与营养盐循环中的作用尚未受到关注。以洪湖为研究对象，在完整水文年内开展了2次（3月和9月）样品采集，通过电导率、氢氧同位素、222Rn，对洪湖地区湖泊地下水排泄（LGD）进行了多手段示踪，利用222Rn质量平衡模型量化了不同期次的LGD速率及其携带氮磷的输入通量，并对量化结果进行了敏感性分析。结果显示：（1）222Rn、电导率（
EC ）和氢氧同位素共同指示了湖泊地下水排泄的存在；（2）洪湖整体的湖泊地下水排泄速率在3月和9月分别为（33.32 ± 18.78）mm/d和（10.97 ± 6.76）mm/d，由于异常年份的极端干旱导致的洪湖区域地下水位的下降使得9月的地下水排泄速率小于3月。（3）地下水排泄对湖泊总氮的输入通量3月为（90.75 ± 64.06）mg/（m2·d），9月为（30.09 ± 21.75）mg/（m2·d），分别占洪湖外源输入的54.72%和12.70%；总磷输入通量3月为（6.85 ± 4.76）mg/（m2·d），9月为（3.51 ± 2.48）mg/（m2·d），分别占洪湖外源输入的52.49%和10.40%。（4）风速、湖水222Rn活度和地下水222Rn活度是量化结果的敏感参数。本研究为洪湖地下水排泄及其携带营养盐输入通量的量化提供了一种新的研究方法，为洪湖及长江中游区域的湖泊水资源管理与水生态保护提供了重要的理论基础，并对其他同类型湖泊与地下水相互作用研究提供了参考。Abstract:Objective The importance of groundwater in maintaining the balance of water volume and nutrient salts in lakes has garnered increasing attention. Understanding the spatiotemporal variability of groundwater discharge and associated nutrient fluxes into lakes is currently a hot and difficult research topic. Honghu Lake, a large freshwater lake located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, plays a crucial role in regional regulatory and ecological functions. However, the contribution of groundwater to the water cycle and nutrient dynamics of Honghu Lake has not been adequately explored.
Methods This study focuses on Honghu Lake, collecting samples during two periods (March and September) throughout a hydrological year. By utilizing multiple tracers including electrical conductivity (EC), hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, and 222Rn, the lake bottom groundwater discharge (LGD) in the Honghu Lake area was explored. A 222Rn mass balance model was applied to quantify the LGD rate and the input fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus carried by LGD during different periods. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis of the quantitative results was conducted.
Results The results show that (1) the combined use of 222Rn, EC, and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes confirms the presence of groundwater discharge from the lake bed; (2) the overall groundwater discharge rates at the bottom of Honghu Lake were (33.32 ± 18.78) mm/d in March and (10.97 ± 6.76) mm/d in September. Owing to the decrease in groundwater level in the Honghu Lake area resulting from extreme drought in abnormal years, the groundwater discharge rate in September was lower than that in March; (3) The nitrogen input carried by groundwater discharge to the lake was (90.75 ± 64.06) mg/(m2·d) in March and (30.09 ± 21.75) mg/(m2·d) in September, accounting for 54.72% and 12.70% of the external nitrogen input to Honghu Lake, respectively. The phosphorus input flux from groundwater was (6.85 ± 4.76) mg/(m2·d) in March and (3.51 ± 2.48) mg/(m2·d) in September, accounting for 52.49% and 10.40% of the external input to Honghu Lake, respectively; and (4) Wind speed, lake water 222Rn activity, and groundwater 222Rn activity were identified as sensitive parameters influencing the quantitative outcomes.
Conclusion This study presents a novel methodological approach for quantifying groundwater discharge and related nutrient input fluxes in Honghu Lake. The findings offer an important theoretical basis for water resource management and aquatic ecosystem protection in Honghu Lake and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Furthermore, this research provides valuable insights into the interactions between similar lakes and groundwater, serving as a reference for future studies.
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Key words:
- lake /
- groundwater discharge /
- nutrient flux /
- 222Rn /
- nitrogen /
- phosphorus /
- Honghu Lake
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图 1 研究区地理位置与采样点分布图
Figure 1. Geographical location of the study area and distribution of sampling sites
图 2 不同时间的湖水和地下水222Rn活度和EC的空间分布
Figure 2. Spatial distribution of 222Rn and EC in lake and groundwater during different periods
图 3 湖水EC与湖水222Rn活度在3月（a）和9月（b）的相关性
Figure 3. Correlation between EC and 222Rn activity of lake water in March (a) and September (b)
图 4 3月和9月氢氧同位素分布图（A区域为潜水；B区域为浅层承压水）
Figure 4. Distribution of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in March and September
图 7 3月和9月湖水、地下水和河水的氮、磷浓度对比
Figure 7. Comparison of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in lake water, groundwater, and river water in March and September
图 8 3月和9月各端元对湖泊氮、磷的贡献
Figure 8. Contribution of each end member to nitrogen and phosphorus in the lakes in March and September
图 9 3月和9月222Rn质量平衡模型各参数的扰动误差
Figure 9. Disturbance errors for various parameters of the 222Rn mass balance model in March and September
表 1 敏感性分级
Table 1. Sensitivity classification
等级 相对敏感度S范围 敏感性表征 Ⅰ |S|<0.05 不敏感 Ⅱ 0.05≤|S|<0.2 弱敏感 Ⅲ 0.2≤|S|<0.5 一般敏感 Ⅳ 0.5≤|S|<1 比较敏感 Ⅴ |S|≥1 极为敏感 
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