Sedimentary characteristics and evolution of the shallow-water fan delta: A case study of the Baikouquan Formation in the Madong slope area, Junggar Basin
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摘要:
砾岩作为一类特殊的油气储集层，理解其沉积成因及发育规律对于准确预测优质储层的分布至关重要。基于岩心描述、岩矿鉴定、重矿物与粒度分析等研究，结合测井、录井等资料，明确了准噶尔盆地玛东斜坡区下三叠统百口泉组砾岩的沉积特征、空间展布规律与沉积物来源，厘清了该组砾岩的沉积机制并构建了其沉积模式。研究结果表明，玛东斜坡区百口泉组沉积于浅水扇三角洲，扇体发育了扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘、前扇三角洲3个亚相，包括泥石流、水上辫状河道、洪泛沉积、水下泥石流、水下主干河道、水下分支河道、砂质碎屑流、远砂坝、前扇三角洲泥共9种沉积微相，其中包含了10类岩相。结合研究区早三叠世由干旱转为湿润的古气候背景，确定该组砾岩为洪水诱发重力流的沉积产物，具有岩相组合复杂、事件性沉积标志显著、沉积模式受古气候主导、后期湖浪改造明显等特点。在空间上，玛东斜坡区百口泉组砾岩自下而上粒度逐渐变细，体现出湖侵的退覆式沉积序列，同时呈现出泥石流、水下泥石流和水下河道沉积多期叠置的特点。研究结果可为下一步油气勘探开发提供理论支持。
Abstract:Objective Conglomerates are unique petroleum reservoirs, and understanding their sedimentary origin and evolution is crucial for accurately predicting the distribution of high-quality reservoirs.
Methods Based on core logging, petrologic identification, heavy mineral and grain size analysis, and well logging data, the sedimentary characteristics, spatial distribution, and sedimentary provenance of the Lower Triassic Baikouquan Formation conglomerate in the Madong slope area are defined. Meanwhile, the sedimentary mechanism of the formation is clarified, and a sedimentary model is established.
Results The Baikouquan Formation was deposited as a shallow-water fan delta, and the fan body consists of three subfacies: the fan delta plain, fan delta front, and pro-fan delta, and can be divided into nine microfacies: debris flow, braided channel, flood deposit, subaqueous debris flow, subaqueous main channel, subaqueous branch channel, sandy clastic flow, far sand bar, and pro-fan delta mudstone deposits. Summarily, it contains 10 lithofacies types. The conglomerate was a sedimentary product of flood-induced gravity flow, reflecting complex lithofacies associations, significant evidence of event deposition, a sedimentary model dominated by paleoclimate, and a clear transformation of lake waves. Spatially, the grain size of the Baikouquan Formation conglomerate in the Madong slope region becomes finer from bottom to top, indicating a sedimentary sequence of lake transgression and a multi-period superposition of debris flows, underwater debris flows, and subaqueous channel deposits.
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图 2 玛东斜坡区百口泉组扇三角洲内部成因单元综合图版
Gmm. 杂基支撑中砾岩；Gcm. 颗粒支撑中砾岩；St. 槽状交错层理砂岩；Fm. 块状泥岩；Gcs. 砂质细砾岩；Sm. 块状砂岩；Si. 逆粒序砂岩；Sg. 含泥细砂岩；Fl. 纹层状粉砂岩；Fsm. 粉砂质泥岩
Figure 2. Comprehensive map of internal genetic units in fan deltas of the Baikouquan Formation, Madong slope area
图 3 玛东斜坡区百口泉组主要储集岩相镜下、粒度及物性特征
Figure 3. Lithofacies, grain size and physical properties of the Baikouquan Formation reservoir in the Madong slope area
图 4 玛东斜坡区百口泉组典型岩相组合（以达133井为例）
Figure 4. Typical lithofacies assemblages of the Baikouquan Formation in the Da133 Well of the Madong slope area
图 5 玛东斜坡区百口泉组典型岩相组合（以达10井为例）
Figure 5. Typical lithofacies assemblages of the Baikouquan Formation in the Da10 Well of the Madong slope area
图 6 玛东斜坡区百口泉组典型岩相组合（以玛中6井为例）
Figure 6. Typical lithofacies assemblages of the Baikouquan Formation in the Mazhong6 Well of the Madong slope area
图 7 玛东斜坡区百口泉组层序划分对比剖面（A−A'剖面位置见图1a）
Figure 7. Sequence stratigraphic division in the cross section of the Baikouquan Formation in the Madong slope area
图 8 玛东地区百口泉组夏盐扇和达巴松扇地震剖面
Figure 8. Seismic profiles of the Xiayan fan and Dabasong fan of the Baikouquan Formation in the Madong slope area
图 9 近EW方向沉积相展布特征（A−A'剖面位置见图1a）
Figure 9. Distribution of sedimentary facies in the EW trending cross section
图 10 近SN方向沉积相展布特征（B−B'剖面位置见图1a）
Figure 10. Distribution of sedimentary facies in the SN striking cross section
图 11 玛东斜坡区夏盐扇和达巴松扇岩矿组成特征
Figure 11. Rock composition characteristics of the Xiayan fan and Dabasong fan in the Madong slope area
图 12 玛东斜坡区百二段重矿物组分分布特征
Figure 12. Distribution characteristics of heavy mineral components in T1b2 in the Madong slope area
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