Source-sink characteristics of the Weihe Graben and their controlling effects on sedimentary system and reservoir characteristics
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摘要:
物源性质对于我国近海盆地古近系沉积与储层发育具有重要的控制作用，然而受限于取心成本与地震资料多解性，相关认识缺少直观证据支撑。渭河地堑为新生代断陷盆地，区域地质研究揭示其南北物源体系差异显著，其构造背景、物源配置与近海盆地具有较强的类比性。基于渭河地堑野外露头与系统采样进行锆石U-Pb年代学、铸体薄片、背散射以及X衍射分析，对渭河地堑南北砂体物源体系、沉积及储层特征进行了精细解剖。研究表明，北部花城剖面碎屑锆石具有华北克拉通2个典型古老峰值以及对应加里东与海西运动的年轻峰值，层序底部砾岩砾石类型以碳酸盐岩、钙质碎屑岩以及变质岩为主，具备鲜明的渭北隆起物源特征；南部骊山周缘剖面碎屑锆石以加里东晚期与印支晚期峰值为主，砾石类型以花岗岩与变质岩为主，具备鲜明的南部秦岭物源区特征。渭北隆起碳酸盐岩物源区对应沉积体规模小且富泥，储层中泥质与钙质含量高。南部秦岭造山带对应沉积体展布规模大，多旋回富砂沉积，储层以砂砾岩、净砂岩为主，储层钙质含量低。不同类型物源体系为储层及后续成岩作用提供了物质基础与先决条件。渭河地堑野外露头的系统分析可以为我国近海盆地相关研究提供借鉴。
Abstract:Objective The properties of provenance play a crucial role in controlling Paleogene deposition and reservoir development in China's offshore basins. However, due to the high costs of coring and the interpretation ambiguities associated with seismic data, there is a lack of visual evidence to support related understandings. The Weihe Graben is a Cenozoic rifting basin, and regional geological studies indicate significant differences in provenance system between the northern and southern of the Weihe Graben, These differences and the tectonic setting and provenance systems exhibit strong similarities with the offshore basins.
Methods Based on outcrops and systematic sampling in Weihe Graben, zircon U-Pb dating, cast thin section, backscattering, and X-ray diffraction analysis are carried out to investigate the source system, deposition, and reservoir characteristics of the northern and southern sandbodies within the graben.
Results The findings reveal that the detrital zircons in the northern Huacheng section exhibit two prominent ancient peaks from the North China Craton, alongside a younger peak corresponding to Caledonian and Hercynian tectonic movements. The conglomerate gravel types at the base of the sequence predominantly consist of carbonate rocks, calcareouss clastic rocks, and metamorphic rocks, which reflect distinct characteristics of Paleozoic carbonate and clastic rocks from the Weibei Uplift in the north. In contrast, the southern profiles are dominated by detrital zircons from late Caledonian and Late Indosinian peaks, with gravel types primarily consisting of granites and metamorphic rocks, indicative of provenance from the southern Qinling Mountains. Observations of profiles demonstrate that these provenance differences result in significant disparities in the sedimentary system and reservoir characteristics. The carbonate provenance area of the Weibei Uplift corresponds to a small, mud-rich sedimentary body, where the bottom conglomerate transitions directly to silty sand and mudstone, resulting in high calcium content in the reservoir. Conversely, the southern Qinling orogenic belt features extensive sedimentary bodies, multi-cycle sand-rich deposits, and low calcium content.
Conclusions The distinct types of provenance systems provide the material basis and prerequisite for reservoir development and subsequent diagenesis. The analysis of outcrop systems in the Weihe graben offers valuable reference on offshore basin research in China.
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Key words:
- Weihe Graben /
- source-sink characteristics /
- sedimentary system /
- reservoir characteristics /
- Cenozoic
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图 3 渭河地堑白鹿塬组沉积相图（盆地范围与边界断层据文献[22]修改）
Figure 3. Sedimentary facies of the Bailuyuan Formation in the Weihe Graben
图 4 渭河地堑典型野外露头
a. 大荔花城剖面；b. 花城剖面三门组；c. 支家沟墨玉河剖面；d. 支家沟剖面白鹿塬组；e. 毛东村三杨坡剖面；f，g为e的局部放大
Figure 4. Typical outcrop in the Weihe Graben
图 5 锆石年龄谐和图(a, c)与年龄谱(b, d)图（取样位置见图1）
Figure 5. Zircon age harmony diagram and age spectrum
图 6 部分典型锆石阴极发光照片
a. 北部三门组；b. 南部白鹿塬组；红色圆代表激光斑束，斑束大小为30 μm，圆内数字代表打点序数；取样位置见图1
Figure 6. Cathodoluminescence images of typical zircons
图 8 渭河地堑前寒武纪构造演化与地质格局（据文献[36]修改）
华北克拉通基底构造单元缩写：AL. 阿拉善；CD. 承德；DF. 登封；EH. 冀东；ES. 胶东；GY. 固阳；HA. 怀安；HL. 贺兰；JN. 集宁；JP. 建平；LG. 狼林；LL. 吕梁；MY. 密云；NH. 冀北；NL. 辽东；QL. 千里山；SJ. 吉南；SL. 辽南；TH. 太华；WD. 乌拉山−大青山；WL. 辽西；WS. 鲁西；WT. 五台；XH. 宣化；ZH. 赞皇；ZT. 中条
Figure 8. Precambrian tectonic evolution and geological framework of the Weihe graben
图 9 花城剖面三门组(a, b)与三杨坡剖面冷水沟组(c, d)砾石类型差异
Figure 9. Comparison of gravel type between the Sanmen Formation in the Huacheng section (a, b) and the Lengshuigou Formation in the Sanyangpo section (c, d)
图 10 砾石类型识别与背散射能谱特征
a～d花城剖面三门组；e，f三杨坡剖面冷水沟组
Figure 10. Identification of gravel types and backscatter spectral characteristics
图 11 南北不同层段储层对比
a. 北部三门组b. 南部白鹿塬组
Figure 11. Comparison of reservoir characteristics in northern and southern intervals
图 12 南北砂岩样品X衍射分析矿物组分差异
Figure 12. Analysis of mineral composition Differences in sandstone samples from northern and southern China via X-ray diffraction
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