Characteristics and causes of difference of physical properties of deep and ultra deep tight sandstone reservoirs: A case study of the Bashijiqike Formation in Bozi area of Kuqa Depression
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摘要:
库车坳陷博孜地区在
8000 m以深仍发育优质储层且高产工业气流，但其巴什基奇克组致密砂岩储层物性平面上存在着明显的差异。为明确此类储层发育的特征，降低深层−超深层油气勘探的风险。基于测录井、铸体薄片、高压压汞及PVT相图等实验分析结果，探讨了致密砂岩储层特征及物性差异成因。研究结果表明：博孜地区巴什基奇克组储层岩石类型为中−细粒岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩，碳酸盐胶结物含量平面分布差异大；中−细粒砂岩储层原始孔隙度介于32.4%～38.1%，颗粒间压实强度相似，以点−线接触为主；南部储层平均孔隙度为8.6%，平均渗透率为3.4×10−3 µm2；中部储层平均孔隙度为6.53%，平均渗透率为0.65×10−3 µm2；北部储层平均孔隙度为4.9%，平均渗透率为0.62×10−3 µm2；南部储集空间以原生粒间孔为主，北部和中部以残余粒间孔和溶蚀孔隙为主；南部较北部和中部储层孔喉结构更好。博孜地区砂岩储层物性受沉积、成岩和构造作用（裂缝）共同控制，其中碳酸盐胶结是后期储层物性改造的主要因素。超压、烃类流体充注及裂缝发育影响了碳酸盐胶结，进而造成储层物性差异。超压较强，油气充注时间较早及裂缝充填较低导致博孜南部储层物性好于北部与中部。Abstract:Despite depths exceeding
8000 meters, it still retains high-quality reservoir and exhibits prolific production of industrial gas flow in Bozi area of Kuqa Depression. However, there are obvious differences in the physical properties plane of the tight sandstone reservoirs of the Bashijiqike Formation.Objective In order to clarify the development characteristics of such reservoirs and reduce the risks associated with deep-ultra-deep oil and gas exploration.
Methods Based on the experimental analyses of well logging, thin section petrography, high pressure mercury injection and PVT phase diagrams, the characteristics of tight sandstone reservoirs and the causes of physical property differences were discussed.
Results The rock types of Bashijiqike Formation reservoir in Bozi area which the study highlights are medium-fine grained lithic feldspar sandstone and feldspar lithic sandstone. Notable differences exist in the spatial distribution of carbonate cement content. Original porosity in the medium-fine sandstone reservoirs that ranges from 32.4% to 38.1%, exhibiting comparable intergranular compaction strength primarily reliant on point-line contacts. Southern reservoirs maintain an average porosity of 8.6% and an average permeability of 3.4mD. Central reservoirs present an average porosity of 6.53% and an average permeability of 0.65mD. The average porosity and permeability of the northern reservoir are 4.9% and 0.62mD respectively. Primary intergranular pores dominate the southern reservoir space, whereas residual intergranular pores and dissolution porosity prevail in the northern and central zones. Furthermore, superior pore-throat structures characterize the southern region compared to the northern and central sectors.
Conclusion The physical properties of sandstone reservoirs in Bozi area are controlled by sedimentation, diagenesis and tectonic processes (fissures), among which carbonate cementation emerging as the principal factor of the late reservoir physical properties alterations. Overpressure, hydrocarbon fluid charging, and fracture development significantly affect carbonate cementation, subsequently causing variations in reservoir physical properties. Stronger overpressure, earlier oil and gas charging time and limited fracture filling result in better reservoir properties in southern Bozi than those in northern and central areas.
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图 1 库车坳陷博孜地区构造位置与圈闭特征
Figure 1. Structural location and trap characteristics of Bozi area in Kuqa Depression
图 2 库车坳陷博孜地区地层综合柱状图
Figure 2. Comprehensive strata of the Bozi area in Kuqa Depression
图 3 库车坳陷博孜地区巴什基奇克组储层岩矿成分
Ⅰ. 石英砂岩；Ⅱ. 长石石英砂岩；Ⅲ. 岩屑石英砂岩；Ⅳ. 长石砂岩；Ⅴ. 岩屑长石砂岩；Ⅵ. 长石岩屑砂岩；Ⅶ. 岩屑砂岩
Figure 3. Rock composition of Bashijiqike Formation in Bozi area of Kuqa Depression
图 4 库车坳陷博孜地区巴什基奇克组储层碳酸盐胶结物含量等值线图
Figure 4. The contour map of carbonate cement content of Bashijiqike Formation in Bozi area of Kuqa Depression
图 5 库车坳陷博孜地区巴什基奇克组岩心实测储层物性特征
Figure 5. Reservoir physical properties by core testing of Bashijiqike Formation in Bozi area within Kuqa Depression
图 6 库车坳陷博孜地区巴什基奇克组储层实测氦孔隙度φ（%）平面分布图
Figure 6. The measured helium porosity (φ) plane distribution of Bashijiqike Formation in Bozi area within Kuqa Depression
图 7 库车坳陷博孜地区巴什基奇克组储集空间
a. BZ8，
8079.75 m，蓝色铸体（单偏光），原生粒间孔较发育；b. BZ9，7689.91 m，蓝色铸体（单偏光），原生粒间孔较发育；c. BZ901，7817.28 m，蓝色铸体（单偏光），原生粒间孔较发育；d. BZ102，6757.57 m，红色铸体（单偏光），残余粒间孔和粒间溶孔较为发育，可见白云石胶结物充填于孔隙；e. BZ101，6918.18 m，红色铸体（单偏光），残余粒间孔和粒间溶孔较为发育，可见白云石胶结物呈晶粒状均匀填隙分布；f. BZ21，6256.9 m，蓝色铸体（单偏光），残余粒间孔和粒内溶孔发育；g. BZ1203，6566.56 m，蓝色铸体（单偏光），残余粒间孔发育，少量粒间溶孔，方解石胶结物被染成红色；h. BZ301，5835.58 m，蓝色铸体（单偏光），可见少量残余粒间孔，方解石胶结物被染成红色；i. BZ22，6276.85 m，可见数条有效构造裂缝呈断续状延伸较远，宽0.01～0.03 mm，孔隙被方解石胶结物全充填（红染）Figure 7. Reservoir spaces of Bashijiqike Formation in Bozi area within Kuqa Depression
图 8 库车坳陷博孜地区巴什基奇克组实测氦孔隙度与碳酸盐胶结物含量的关系
Figure 8. Relationship between carbonate cement content and measured helium porosity of Bashijiqike Formation in Bozi area within Kuqa Depression
图 9 库车坳陷博孜地区巴什基奇克组典型高压压汞曲线
Figure 9. Typical high pressure mercury injection curves of Bashijiqike Formation in Bozi area within Kuqa Depression
图 10 库车坳陷博孜地区巴什基奇克储层物性与岩性之间的关系
Figure 10. The relationship between lithology and reservoir physical property of Bashijiqike Formation in Bozi area within Kuqa Depression
图 11 库车坳陷博孜地区巴什基奇克组矿物颗粒接触关系对比统计
Figure 11. Comparative statistics of contact relation of mineral particles of Bashijiqike Formation in Bozi area within Kuqa Depression
图 12 库车坳陷博孜地区巴什基奇克组储层压力系数与碳酸盐胶结物的关系
Figure 12. The Relationship between reservoir pressure coefficient and carbonate cement of Bashijiqike Formation in Bozi area within Kuqa Depressionin
图 13 库车坳陷博孜地区BZ7井（a）和BZ22井（b）油气充注史及成岩演化序列
K. 白垔纪；E. 古近纪；N. 新近纪；Q. 第四纪
Figure 13. Hydrocarbon charging history and diagenetic evolution sequence of Bozi 7 well (a) and Bozi 22 well (b) in Bozi area, Kuqa Depression
图 14 库车坳陷博孜地区巴什基奇克组流体PVT相图（a）、油气相态与气油比叠合平面分布图（b）
Figure 14. Superimposed plane distribution of oil and gas phase state and crude gas-oil ratio of Bashijiqike Formation in Bozi area within Kuqa Depression
图 15 库车坳陷博孜地区巴什基奇克组储层裂缝特征
a. BZ301，
5881.39 m，可见垂直半充填剪切裂缝；b. BZ15，4653.45 m，可见斜交剪切缝，全充填方解石；c. BZ13，7119.85 m，可见由方解石全充填的斜交剪切缝；d. BZ9，7684.10 m，可见高角度未充填斜交缝；e. BZ22，6328.92 m，蓝色铸体（单偏光），可见粗大构造溶蚀缝一条，宽0.1～0.4 mm，全充填方解石，延伸较远，颗粒间主要填隙碳酸盐胶结物（红染）；f. BZ13，7005.57 m，蓝色铸体（单偏光），粒间方解石胶结致密，岩石孔隙不发育，断续分布的微裂缝被方解石胶结物全充填（红染）；g. BZ301，5851.98 m，蓝色铸体（单偏光），垂直纹层分布一条白云石半充填的构造缝；h. BZ9，7675.95 m，蓝色铸体（单偏光），可见未充填构造缝，缝宽0.01～0.02 mm；h. BZ104，FMI成像测井，6767.50 ～6805.00 m，可见一系列不同倾角裂缝Figure 15. Characteristics reservoir fractures of Bashijiqike Formation in Bozi area within Kuqa depression
图 16 库车坳陷博孜地区巴什基奇克组储层碳酸盐胶结物含量与裂缝密度的关系
Figure 16. The Relationship between fracture density and carbonate cement content of Bashijiqike Formation in Bozi area within Kuqa Depression
图 17 库车坳陷博孜地区巴什基奇克组储层裂缝充填性统计图
Figure 17. The statistical map of reservoir fracture filling of Bashijiqike Formation in Bozi area within Kuqa Depression
表 1 库车坳陷博孜地区碳酸盐胶结物含量
Table 1. Content of carbonate cement in Bozi area of Kuqa Depression
地区 井位 深度/m 样品数/个 碳酸盐胶结物$\varphi_B $/% 最小值 最大值 平均值 博孜北部 BZ3 5971.15 ～5981.43 5 11.6 22.1 15.92 BZ301 5835.58 ～5856.31 40 2.0 30.5 10.23 BZ6 4481.98 ～4489.81 9 7.7 22.0 15.44 BZ15 4650.55 ～4659.27 9 3.9 33.2 14.86 BZ17 6056.20 ～6063.92 9 3.9 17.5 11.81 BZ18 6816.58 ～6820.27 4 7.2 14.8 10.63 BZ21 6245.76 ～6257.14 20 2.1 18.6 10.66 BZ22 6276.66 ～6327.06 10 4.9 32.1 13.27 BZ1203 6561.55 ～6570.57 18 2.5 42.6 11.43 博孜中部 BZ101 6916.26 ～6918.62 4 1.57 15.58 8.59 BZ102 6757.57 ～6865.19 34 0.86 15.95 7.68 BZ103 7216.16 ～7311.20 20 0.6 39 14.7 BZ104 6795.27 ～6846.26 13 3.6 13 8.69 BZ106 6792.75 ～6798.13 15 2.5 14.7 7.78 BZ24 7217.97 ～7230.36 42 0.5 18.6 7.13 BZ10 7318.75 ～7319.40 9 10 19 15.33 BZ11 7309.01 ～7464.21 5 0.5 30 14.2 BZ13 7117.46 ～7119.54 24 1 35 13.38 博孜南部 BZ7 7549.25 ～7745.57 13 0.5 15.5 6.38 BZ8 8077.05 ～8085.49 15 0.5 8.2 5.46 BZ9 7675.70 ～7798.11 67 1 29.3 5.79 BZ901 7812.47 ～7907.00 18 1 12.7 6.63 
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表 2 库车坳陷博孜地区巴什基奇克组高压压汞相关参数
Table 2. Related parameters of high pressure mercury injection of Bashijiqike Formation in Bozi area within Kuqa Depression
地区 井位 深度/m 样品数
（个）排驱压力（MPa） 最大孔喉半径（μm） 平均孔喉半径（μm） 最小值 最大值 平均值 最小值 最大值 平均值 最小值 最大值 平均值 博孜北部 BZ3 5971.15 ～5981.43 5 1.76 4.64 2.86 0.16 0.43 0.30 0.03 0.07 0.05 BZ6 4481.98 ～4489.81 7 0.22 0.77 0.48 0.97 3.39 1.91 0.09 0.71 0.27 BZ12 6906.78 ～7000.83 3 6.87 11.64 9.02 0.06 0.11 0.09 0.01 0.03 0.02 BZ15 4650.55 ～4659.27 20 0.62 7.60 2.80 0.10 1.22 0.49 0.02 0.20 0.09 BZ17 6056.20 ～6063.92 9 0.34 3.53 1.55 0.21 2.19 0.86 0.04 0.42 0.14 BZ18 6816.58 ～6820.27 7 0.57 2.67 1.23 0.28 1.31 0.76 0.07 0.29 0.15 BZ21 6245.76 ～6257.14 20 0.56 3.56 1.25 0.21 1.34 0.71 0.06 0.18 0.12 BZ22 6276.66 ～6327.06 18 0.64 1.12 0.90 0.67 1.17 0.86 0.10 0.18 0.13 BZ301 5835.58 ～5856.31 26 0.23 19.60 3.43 0.04 3.30 0.53 0.01 0.68 0.10 BZ1203 6561.55 ～6570.57 15 0.96 14.82 3.75 0.05 0.78 0.29 0.01 0.10 0.05 博孜中部 BZ13 7118.62 ～7119.54 3 9.45 18.44 13.52 0.04 0.08 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.02 BZ101 6917.46 ～6924.20 3 0.31 1.00 0.61 0.74 2.36 1.51 0.16 0.45 0.31 BZ102 6773.00 ～6885.00 2 0.50 1.50 1.00 0.49 1.47 0.98 0.14 0.43 0.28 博孜南部 BZ7 7549.25 ～7745.57 13 0.44 1.19 0.75 0.63 1.71 1.12 0.12 0.39 0.23 BZ9 7675.70 ～7798.11 35 0.09 2.60 0.55 0.29 8.79 2.17 0.07 1.74 0.42
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