A logging evaluation method for geological engineering "double sweet spot" for shallow marine shale gas: A case study of the Luzhai Formation in the northern Guizhong Depression
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摘要:
桂中坳陷北部鹿寨组海相富有机质页岩是滇黔桂盆地页岩气勘探的重要接替领域, 目前在勘探初期已取得重大突破, 因此开展地质-工程一体化的评价工作极为关键。利用岩心、薄片和扫描电镜等岩石物理实验和常规、成像、核磁共振及阵列声波等测井资料, 在岩心刻度测井和小层精细划分的基础上, 分别开展了地质和工程“甜点”要素测井表征研究。通过对烃源岩品质、储层品质和工程品质叠合, 最终完成了地质-工程“双甜点”的耦合与优选。研究表明: 鹿寨组一段页岩岩性以硅质页岩、混合质页岩和灰质页岩3种类型为主。孔渗物性偏低,
w (TOC)介于1%~2%之间。生物硅含量低, 硅质来源主要为陆源碎屑供给, 页岩气主要赋存在黏土矿物相关孔隙和微裂缝中, 且以吸附气为主而游离气较少。脆性指数介于20%~80%之间, 且基本均大于40%。应力差异系数介于0.26~0.50, 现今最大水平主应力方向为NNE-SSW方向。优选③小层底部页岩“甜点”层段作为水平井靶窗, 水平段实钻气测结果显示良好。研究成果能够为页岩气单井“甜点”测井评价与水平井靶窗优选提供理论指导和方法支撑。Abstract:Objective The marine organic-rich shale of the Luzhai Formation of the northern Guizhong Depression is an important replacement field for shale gas exploration in the Dian-Qian-Gui Basin. At present, great breakthroughs have been made in the initial stage of exploration. So it is very important to evaluate the geological-engineering integration.
Methods In this study, petrophysical data (e.g., core, thin section and scanning electron microscopy data) and logging data (e.g., conventional, imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance and array acoustic) are used to study the logging characteristics of geological and engineering "sweet spots" on the basis of core calibration logs and fine delineation of small layers, respectively. By superimposing the hydrocarbon source rock quality, reservoir quality and engineering quality, the coupling and optimization of geological and engineering "double sweet spots" are finally completed.
Results The results show that the lithology of the shale in the first member of the Luzhai Formation is dominated by three types: siliceous shale, mixed shale and gray shale. The organic matter abundance and pore permeability are low, and the TOC content is between 1% and 2%. The biogenic silica content is low, and the source of silica is mainly the land source of debris supply. Shale gas is mainly stored in the pore spaces and microfractures associated with clay minerals, and adsorbed gas is the main source, while the free gas content accounts for a small proportion. The brittleness index ranges from 20% to 80% and is basically greater than 40%. The stress coefficient of variation ranges from 0.26 to 0.50, and the direction of the present maximum horizontal in situ stress is NNE-SSW.
Conclusion The shale "sweet spot" section at the bottom of the third small layer was selected as the target window of the horizontal well, and the results of horizontal section drilling and gas measurement showed good results. The research results can provide theoretical guidance and methodological support for the evaluation of "sweet spot" logging and the selection of horizontal well target windows for shale gas wells.
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图 1 桂中坳陷构造位置及鹿寨组地层柱状图(改自文献[18])
a.桂中坳陷构造区域划分；b.桂中坳陷鹿寨组一段地层柱状图。SQ1为第一地层序列；HST为高位体系域；TST为海侵体系域
Figure 1. Tectonic position of the Guizhong Depression and stratigraphic histogram of the Luzhai Formation
图 2 桂中坳陷北部鹿寨组一段页岩矿物组分分布特征
a.矿物组分纵向分布；b.矿物组分三端元分布
Figure 2. Distribution characteristics of the mineral fractions in the First Member of the Luzhai Formation shale in the northern Guizhong Depression
图 3 桂中坳陷北部鹿寨组一段页岩矿物体积分数测井计算
Figure 3. Logging calculation of the mineral content in the First Member of the Luzhai Formation shale in the northern Guizhong Depression
图 4 桂中坳陷北部鹿寨组一段页岩w(TOC)区间分布(a)、实测w(TOC)与测井计算w(TOC)交会图(b)
Figure 4. Distribution of TOC content intervals(a), measured TOC values logging calculated TOC values(b) in the First Member of the Luzhai Formation shale in the northern Guizhong Depression
图 5 桂融页1井鹿寨组一段页岩样品核磁共振(a)和氮气吸附(b)特征
a.核磁共振T2谱特征; b.氮气等温吸附曲线
Figure 5. NMR(a) and nitrogen adsorption(b) characteristics of shale samples from the First Member of the Luzhai Formation in Well GRY1
图 6 桂中坳陷北部鹿寨组一段页岩储集空间特征
a.石英与黏土矿物之间发育少量粒间孔，1 385.5 m，桂融地2井；b.石英与黏土矿物之间发育少量粒间孔，1 385.5 m，桂融地2井；c.石英内部可见少量孤立粒内孔，1 380 m，桂融地2井；d.方解石内部发育不规则状溶蚀孔，1 611.85 m，桂融页1井；e.方解石内部可见少量溶蚀孔，1 389 m，桂融地2井；f.草莓状黄铁矿晶间孔被有机质充填，1 626.75 m，桂融页1井；g.块状有机质中可见孤立分散状有机质孔，1 620.37 m，桂融页1井；h.有机质内部可见不规则状有机质孔，1 385.5 m，桂融地2井；i.伊蒙混层发育层间孔缝，1 620.37 m，桂融页1井
Figure 6. Characteristics of reservoir space in the First Member of the Luzhai Formation shale in the northern Guizhong Depression
图 7 桂中坳陷北部鹿寨组一段页岩甲烷等温吸附特征(a)和兰氏参数与w(TOC)交会图(b)
a.研究区鹿寨组一段页岩样品甲烷等温吸附曲线; b.Langmuir体积、Langmuir压力与w(TOC)交会图
Figure 7. Methane isothermal adsorption characteristics, Langmuir parameters and TOC content cross-plot in the First Member of the Luzhai Formation shale in the northern Guizhong Depression
图 8 桂中坳陷北部鹿寨组一段页岩岩心裂缝发育特征
a.高角度充填裂缝, 1 367.45 m，桂融地2井；b.顺层滑脱缝，1 399.85 m，桂融地2井；c.镜面擦痕，1 609.38 m，桂融页1井；d.层理缝被黄铁矿充填, 1 403.55 m，桂融地2井；e.层间页理缝，1 598.62 m，桂融页1井；f.网状裂缝，1 611.03 m，桂融页1井
Figure 8. Characteristics of core fractures in the First Member of the Luzhai Formation shale in the northern Guizhong Depression
图 9 桂融页1井鹿寨组一段页岩裂缝测井识别与评价
Figure 9. Logging identification and evaluation of fractures in the First Member of the Luzhai Formation shale in the northern Guizhong Depression
图 10 基于地层倾角测井的井壁崩落法确定研究区现今地应力方向
Figure 10. In situ stress direction determined by the wall caving method based on a diplog in the study area
图 11 桂融页1井鹿寨组一段页岩地质-工程“双甜点”测井评价
Figure 11. Logging evaluation of the geological engineering "double sweet spot" of the First Member of the Luzhai Formation shale in Well GRY1
表 1 研究区鹿寨组一段页岩地质-工程“双甜点”测井划分标准
Table 1. Log division standard of the shale geological engineering "double sweet spot" of the Luzhai Formation in the study area
类别 地质“甜点” 工程“甜点” 烃源岩品质 储层品质 工程品质 评价指标 w(TOC)/% 有效孔隙度/% 总含气量/(m3·t-1) 脆性指数/% 应力差异系数 Ⅰ类 ＞2 ＞2.5 ＞1.5 ＞55 ＜0.3 Ⅱ类 [1, 2] [1, 2.5] [1, 1.5] [45, 55] [0.3, 0.4] Ⅲ类 ＜1 ＜1 ＜1 ＜45 ＞0.4 
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