“9·5”泸定地震人口密集区域地震诱发滑坡空间分布规律

宋静园; 刘洋; 董秀军; 袁阳杰

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20230619

“9·5”泸定地震人口密集区域地震诱发滑坡空间分布规律

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20230619

1.
成都理工大学地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室，成都 610059
2.
四川省自然资源厅，成都 610072

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（42072306）

详细信息

作者简介:
宋静园：E-mail：2990732818@qq.com

通讯作者:
E-mail：274597918@qq.com

中图分类号: P618.51
计量
- 文章访问数: 221
- PDF下载量: 23
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-11-03
- 录用日期: 2023-12-05
- 修回日期: 2023-12-05
- 网络出版日期: 2023-12-17

Spatial distribution of earthquake-induced landslide in densely populated area of the Luding 9·5 earthquake

1.
State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
2.
Department of Natural Resources of Sichuan Province , Chengdu 610072 , China

More Information

Author Bio:
E-mail：2990732818@qq.com

Corresponding author: E-mail：2990732818@qq.com

摘要

摘要:
研究地震诱发滑坡的空间分布规律，不仅能为灾区地质灾害隐患排查、灾情评估等提供重要依据，同时对后期灾后重建、灾后安置选址以及地质灾害防治等工作具有重要意义。以2022年9月5日四川甘孜泸定县M_s6.8级地震为例，首先基于获取得到的震后0.2 m分辨率光学影像（digital orthophoto map，简称DOM）和0.5 m分辨率的数字高程模型（digital elevation matrix，简称DEM），采用人工目视三维遥感解译地震诱发滑坡，再结合野外调查修正，确定最终地震诱发滑坡数量，并在此基础上分析地形地貌、地质构造、地震因子等地质背景与地震诱发滑坡分布的关系。结果表明：①此次泸定地震事件在约680 km²的研究区内引发了9248处滑坡，以中、小型滑坡为主，滑坡面积密度最高集中在鲜水河断裂、大渡河断裂以及锦屏山断裂3条断裂交汇处；滑坡总面积约45.57 km²，平均滑坡面积可达4941 m²；②本次地震滑坡分布主要受地面峰值加速度PGA以及断裂构造影响，多分布在PGA> 0.6 g，距发震断裂两侧1 km范围内；此外滑坡的发育还与距水系及道路距离呈负相关；局部受地形因素影响主要发育在高程1200～2400 m，坡度30°～60°，坡向E及SE向上，且地层岩性多为硬岩；③此次泸定地震的滑坡数量及面积与震级关系也遵循指数分布；同时由于此次解译基础数据精度较高，解译得到的地震滑坡数量相比于其他文献而言更多，最小面积更小，总面积更大。本研究成果已应用于泸定地震灾区的灾后恢复重建工作。
- 泸定地震 /
- 地震滑坡 /
- 机载LiDAR /
- 分布规律
Abstract: Objective
Studying the spatial distribution law of earthquake-induced landslides can not only provide an important basis for the investigation of hidden dangers of geological disasters in disaster areas, but also be of great significance for post-disaster reconstruction, post-disaster resettlement and site selection, and geological disaster prevention and control.
Methods
Taking the earthquake with M_s6.8 in Luding County, Ganzi, Sichuan Province on September 5, 2022 as an example, firstly, based on the optical image (DOM) with 0.2m resolution and the digital elevation model (DEM) with 0.5 m resolution obtained after the earthquake, the earthquake-induced landslides were interpreted by artificial visual three-dimensional remote sensing, and then combined with field investigation and correction, the final number of earthquake-induced landslides was determined. On this basis, the relationship between the geological background such as topography, geological structure and seismic factors and the distribution of earthquake-induced landslides was analyzed.
Results
①The Luding earthquake event triggered 9248 landslides in the study area of about 680km², mainly small and medium-sized landslides, and the highest area density of landslides was concentrated in the intersection of Xianshuihe fault, Daduhe fault and Jinping mountain fault. The total landslide area is about 45.57 km², and the average landslide area can reach 4941m²; ②The distribution of landslides in this earthquake is mainly influenced by PGA and fault structures, and most of them are distributed within the range of PGA> 0.6 g and 1km from both sides of the seismogenic fault; In addition, the development of landslide is negatively related to the distance from water system and road; Locally influenced by topographic factors, it mainly develops at the elevation of 1200-2400 m, the slope is 30-60, and the slope is eastward and southeast, and the stratum lithology is mostly hard rock; ③The relationship between the number and area of landslides and magnitude of Luding earthquake also follows exponential distribution; At the same time, due to the high accuracy of the basic data of this interpretation, the number of earthquake landslides obtained by interpretation is more than that of other documents, with a smaller minimum area and a larger total area.
Conclusion
The results obtained in this study have been applied to the post-disaster recovery and reconstruction in Luding earthquake-stricken area.
- Luding earthquake /
- earthquake landslide /
- airborne LiDAR /
- distribution law

HTML全文

图 1 研究区概况（a）研究区位置（b）研究区地震烈度图（c）研究区历史地震及断裂带分布图

Figure 1. Overview of the study area (a) Location of the study area (b) Seismic intensity map of the study area (c) Distribution map of historical earthquakes and fault zones in the study area

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 泸定地震解译滑坡

Figure 2. Interpretation of the landslide by the Luding earthquake

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 泸定地震滑坡的主要类型

Figure 3. Main types of landslides in the Luding earthquake

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 研究区地震滑坡分布图

a. 地震滑坡与PGA空间分布；b. 滑坡面密度空间分布；PGA. 地面峰值加速度，下同

Figure 4. Spatial distribution map of the earthquake landslide in the study area

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 地震滑坡面密度、高程、地层岩性的剖面图（剖面位置见图4b）

Figure 5. Profile of area density, elevation and stratum lithology of coseismic landslide

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 地震滑坡与地形、地震以及地质因子关系分布图

Figure 6. Distribution of relationship between earthquake landslide and topographic factors, earthquake factors and geological factors

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 地震滑坡与地形因子、地震因子以及地质因子关系统计图

Figure 7. Statistical plot of the relationship between earthquake landslides and topographic, seismic and geological factors

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 不同地震事件诱发的滑坡对比

Figure 8. Comparison of landslides induced by different earthquake events

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 地震滑坡控制因子分级

Table 1. Classification of controlling factors of earthquake-induced landslides

因子类型	因子名称	因子分级
地形地貌	高程/m	< 1000, [1000, 1200), [1200, 1400), [1400, 1600), [1600, 1800), [1800, 2000), [2000, 2200), [2200, 2400], [2400, 2600), [2600, 2800), [2800, 3000], > 3000
	坡度/（°）	< 25, [25, 30), [30, 35), [35, 40), [40, 45), [45, 50), [50, 55), [55, 60), [60, 65), [65, 70], > 70
	坡向	平面，N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW
	距水系距离/km	< 0.5, [0.5, 1.0), [1.0, 1.5), [1.5, 2.0), [2.0, 2.5), [2.5, 3.0), [3.0, 3.5), [3.5, 4.0], > 4.0
	距道路距离/km	< 0.5, [0.5, 1.0), [1.0, 1.5), [1.5, 2.0), [2.0, 2.5), [2.5, 3.0], [3.0, 3.5), [3.5, 4.0], > 4.0
地质参数	地层岩性	三叠系，二叠系，泥盆系，第四系，基性岩，超基性岩，花岗岩，闪长岩，其他
地震参数	距发震断层距离/km	[0, 1), [1, 2), [2, 3), [3, 4), [4, 5), [5, 6), [6, 7), [7, 8), [8, 9), [9, 10], [10, 11), [11, 12), [12, 13), [13, 14), [14, 15], > 15
地震参数	PGA/g	< 0.3, [0.3, 0.4), [0.4, 0.5), [0.5, 0.6), [0.6, 0.7], > 0.7

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 不同文献得到的泸定地震相关结果对比

Table 2. Comparison of Luding earthquake related results from different documents

文献来源	研究区面积/km²	滑坡数量/个	滑坡总面积/km²	滑坡最小面积/m²	高程/m	坡度/(°)	坡向	距发震断层距离/km	地层岩性
文献[1, 2]	419.2	3633	13.78	49	1200～1400	40～45	E	1	花岗岩
文献[3]	2600	4528	28.1	/	1200～1500	40～45	/	1	花岗岩
文献[21]	3056	2692	47	220.77	1800～2000	40～45	E	1	砂岩板岩
文献[25]	19000	8685	30.7	/	/	/	/	2	/
文献[26]	4393	5007	17.36	65	1300～1500	40～50	E	1	花岗岩
文献[40]	166	513	8.88	/	1400～2200	40～45	E、SE	3	/
本研究	682	9248	46	15.5	1600～1800	40～45	E	0.5	花岗岩

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(40)

[1]	范宣梅,王欣,戴岚欣,等. 2022年M_s 6.8级泸定地震诱发地质灾害特征与空间分布规律研究[J]. 工程地质学报,2022,30(5):1504-1516. FAN X M,WANG X,DAI L X,et al. Characteristics and spatial distribution pattern of M_s 6.8 Luding earthquake occurred on September 5,2022[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2022,30(5):1504-1516. (in Chinese with English abstract
[2]	王欣,方成勇,唐小川,等. 泸定M_s 6.8地震诱发滑坡应急评价研究[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2023,48(1):25-35. WANG X,FANG C Y,TANG X C,et al. Research on emergency evaluation of landslides induced by the Luding M_s 6.8 earthquake[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2023,48(1):25-35. (in Chinese with English abstract
[3]	ZHAO B,HU K H,YANG Z J,et al. Geomorphic and tectonic controls of landslides induced by the 2022 Luding earthquake[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2022,19(12):3323-3345. doi: 10.1007/s11629-022-7732-8
[4]	魏旭,彭志忠,刘兴臣,等. 泸石高速公路沿线历史地震诱发滑坡遥感调查及发育分布规律[J]. 地质科技通报,2024,43(2):386-396. WEI X,PENG Z Z,LIU X C,et al. Remote sensing investigation and development distribution of historical earthquake-induced landslides along Lushi Expressway[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology,2024,43(2):386-396. (in Chinese with English abstract
[5]	李传友,孙凯,马骏,等. 四川泸定6.8级地震:鲜水河断裂带磨西段局部发起、全段参与的一次复杂事件[J]. 地震地质,2022,44(6):1648-1666. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.06.017 LI C Y,SUN K,MA J,et al. The 2022 M_s 6.8 Luding earthquake:A complicated event by faulting of the moxi segment of the Xianshuihe fault zone[J]. Seismology and Geology,2022,44(6):1648-1666. (in Chinese with English abstract doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.06.017
[6]	邓建辉,韦晓,戴仕贵,等. 泸定地震诱发灾害特征分析[J]. 工程科学与技术,2024,56(1):117-126. DENG J H,WEI X,DAI S G,et al. Characterization analysis of triggered disasters in the Luding earthquake[J]. Advanced Engineering Sciences,2024,56(1):117-126. (in Chinese with English abstract
[7]	孙东,杨涛,曹楠,等. 泸定M_s 6.8地震同震地质灾害特点及防控建议[J]. 地学前缘,2023,30(3):476-493. SUN D,YANG T,CAO N,et al. Characteristics and mitigation of coseismic geohazards associated with the Luding M_s 6.8 earthquake[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2023,30(3):476-493. (in Chinese with English abstract
[8]	唐辉明. 重大滑坡预测预报研究进展与展望[J]. 地质科技通报,2022,41(6):1-13. TANG H M. Advance and prospects of major landslides prediction and forecasting[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology,2022,41(6):1-13. (in Chinese with English abstract
[9]	张佳佳,陈龙,李元灵,等. 2022年9月5日泸定M_s 6.8地震的同震地质灾害发育特征及主控因素分析[J]. 地震学报,2023,45(2):167-178. doi: 10.11939/jass.20220215 ZHANG J J,CHEN L,LI Y L,et al. Development characteristics and controlling factors of coseismic geohazards triggered by the Luding M_s 6.8 earthquake occurred on September 5,2022[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica,2023,45(2):167-178. (in Chinese with English abstract doi: 10.11939/jass.20220215
[10]	许冲,徐锡伟,吴熙彦,等. 2008年汶川地震滑坡详细编目及其空间分布规律分析[J]. 工程地质学报,2013,21(1):25-44. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2013.01.004 XU C,XU X W,WU X Y,et al. Detailed catalog of landslides triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and statistical analyses of their spatial distribution[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2013,21(1):25-44. (in Chinese with English abstract doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2013.01.004
[11]	许冲. 2008年汶川地震滑坡编录及其量化成果[J]. 地质学报,2013,87(增刊1):307-308. XU C. Landslide catalogue of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and its quantitative results[J]. Acta Ceologica Sinica,2013,87(S1):307-308. (in Chinese with English abstract
[12]	殷跃平. 汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J]. 工程地质学报,2008,16(4):433-444. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2008.04.001 YIN Y P. Researches on the geo-hazards triggered by Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(4):433-444. (in Chinese with English abstract doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2008.04.001
[13]	XU C,XU X W,SHYU J B H. Database and spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the Lushan,China M_w 6.6 earthquake of 20 April 2013[J]. Geomorphology,2015,248:77-92. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.07.002
[14]	张佳佳,李海兵,赵国华,等. 2013年四川芦山地震次生山地灾害发育规律[J]. 地质通报,2015,34(5):898-907. ZHANG J J,LI H B,ZHAO G H,et al. Features of secondary mountain hazards triggered by the 2013 Lushan earthquake,Sichuan Province[J]. Geological Bulletin of China,2015,34(5):898-907. (in Chinese with English abstract
[15]	LING S X,SUN C W,LI X N,et al. Characterizing the distribution pattern and geologic and geomorphic controls on earthquake-triggered landslide occurrence during the 2017 M_s 7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake,Sichuan,China[J]. Landslides,2021,18(4):1275-1291. doi: 10.1007/s10346-020-01549-6
[16]	许冲,王世元,徐锡伟,等. 2017年8月8日四川省九寨沟M_s7.0地震触发滑坡全景[J]. 地震地质,2018,40(1):232-260. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2018.01.017 XU C,WANG S Y,XU X W,et al. A panorama of landslides triggered by the 8 August 2017 Jiuzhaigou,Sichuan M_s 7.0 earthquake[J]. Seismology and Geology,2018,40(1):232-260. (in Chinese with English abstract doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2018.01.017
[17]	ZHAO B,LI W L,SU L J,et al. Insights into the landslides triggered by the 2022 Lushan M_s6.1 earthquake:Spatial distribution and controls[J]. Remote Sensing,2022,14(17):4365. doi: 10.3390/rs14174365
[18]	范宣梅,方成勇,戴岚欣,等. 地震诱发滑坡空间分布概率近实时预测研究:以2022年6月1日四川芦山地震为例[J]. 工程地质学报,2022,30(3):729-739. FAN X M,FANG C Y,DAI L X,et al. Near real time prediction of spatial distribution probability of earthquake-induced landslides:Taking the Lushan earthquake on June 1,2022 as an example[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2022,30(3):729-739. (in Chinese with English abstract
[19]	HAKAN T,LUIGI L. Completeness index for earthquake-induced landslide inventories[J]. Engineering Geology,2020,264:105331. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105331
[20]	HUANG Y D,XIE C C,LI T,et al. An open-accessed inventory of landslides triggered by the M_s 6.8 Luding earthquake,China on September 5,2022[J]. Earthquake Research Advances,2023,3(1):37-44.
[21]	铁永波,张宪政,卢佳燕,等. 四川省泸定县M_s 6.8级地震地质灾害发育规律与减灾对策[J]. 水文地质工程地质,2022,49(6):1-12. TIE Y B,ZHANG X Z,LU J Y,et al. Characteristics of geological hazards and it’s mitigations of the M_s 6.8 earthquake in Luding County,Sichuan Province[J]. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology,2022,49(6):1-12. (in Chinese with English abstract
[22]	陈博,李振洪,黄武彪,等. 2022年四川泸定M_w6.6级地震诱发地质灾害空间分布及影响因素[J]. 地球科学与环境学报,2022,44(6):971-985. CHEN B,LI Z H,HUANG W B,et al. Spatial distribution and influencing factors of geohazards induced by the 2022 M_w 6.6 Luding (Sichuan,China)earthquake[J]. Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2022,44(6):971-985. (in Chinese with English abstract
[23]	张宪政,铁永波,李光辉,等. 四川泸定M_s 6.8级地震区湾东河流域泥石流活动性预测[J]. 地质力学学报,2022,28(6):1035-1045. ZHANG X Z,TIE Y B,LI G H,et al. Characteristics and risk assessment of debris flows in the Wandong catchment after the M_s 6.8 Luding earthquake[J]. Journal of Geomechanics,2022,28(6):1035-1045. (in Chinese with English abstract
[24]	XIONG J,CHEN H Y,ZENG L,et al. Coseismic landslide sediment increased by the “9.5” Luding earthquake,Sichuan,China[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2023,20(3):624-636. doi: 10.1007/s11629-022-7770-2
[25]	ZHANG J Q,YANG Z J,MENG Q K,et al. Distribution patterns of landslides triggered by the 2022 M_s 6.8 Luding earthquake,Sichuan,China[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2023,20(3):607-623. doi: 10.1007/s11629-022-7772-0
[26]	XIAO Z K,XU C,HUANG Y D,et al. Analysis of spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the M_s 6.8 Luding earthquake in China on September 5,2022[J]. Geoenvironmental Disasters,2023,10(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s40677-023-00233-w
[27]	张雨,明冬萍,赵文祎,等. 基于高分光学卫星影像的泸定地震型滑坡提取与分析[J]. 自然资源遥感,2023,35(1):161-170. ZHANG Y,MING D P,ZHAO W Y,et al. The extraction and analysis of Luding earthquake-induced landslide based on high-resolution optical satellite images[J]. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources,2023,35(1):161-170. (in Chinese with English abstract
[28]	邓博,张会,柏君,等. 利用机载LiDAR的深圳市斜坡类地质灾害危险性评价[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2024,49(8):1377-1391. DENG B,ZHANG H,BAI J,et al. Hazard evaluation of the slope based on airborne LiDAR data in Shenzhen,China[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2024,49(8):1377-1391. (in Chinese with English abstract
[29]	YUSOFF H H M,RAZAK K A,YUEN F,et al. Mapping of post-event earthquake induced landslides in Sg. Mesilou using LiDAR[J]. IOP Conference Series:Earth and Environmental Science,2016,37:012068. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/37/1/012068
[30]	LIU W,YAMAZAKI F,MARUYAMA Y. Detection of earthquake-induced landslides during the 2018 Kumamoto earthquake using multitemporal airborne lidar data[J]. Remote Sensing,2019,11(19):2292. doi: 10.3390/rs11192292
[31]	RUIZ P,CARR M J,ALVARADO G E,et al. Coseismic landslide susceptibility analysis using LiDAR data PGA attenuation and GIS:The case of Poás volcano,costa rica,central America[M]. Berlin,Germary:Springer International Publishing,2019:79-118.
[32]	孟华君,乔建平,田宏岭,等. 小区域地震地质灾害空间分布特点分析方法探讨[J]. 工程地质学报,2014,22(1):14-23. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2014.01.003 MENG H J,QIAO J P,TIAN H L,et al. Method discussion on spatial distribution analysis of earthquake induced geohazards in small region[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2014,22(1):14-23. (in Chinese with English abstract doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2014.01.003
[33]	赵方彬,王运生,寇瑞斌,等. 四川珙县下软上硬山岭地貌斜坡地震动响应特征[J]. 地质科技通报,2023,42(2):279-287. ZHAO F B,WANG Y S,KOU R B,et al. Seismic dynamic response characteristics of the lower soft and upper hard mountain slopes in Gongxian,Sichuan[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology,2023,42(2):279-287. (in Chinese with English abstract
[34]	王佳运,张成航,高波,等. 玉树震区地质灾害分布规律与发育特征[J]. 工程地质学报,2013,21(4):508-515. WANG J Y,ZHANG C H,GAO B,et al. Distribution regularity and development characteristics of geohazards in Yushu earthquake area[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2013,21(4):508-515. (in Chinese with English abstract
[35]	杨秀元,姚亚辉,田运涛. 云南鲁甸“8·3” 震后地质灾害发育特征与分布规律[J]. 科学技术与工程,2018,18(24):16-21. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2018.24.003 YANG X Y,YAO Y H,TIAN Y T. Development law and distribution characteristics of geological hazards after “8·3” earthquake in Ludian,Yunnan[J]. Science Technology and Engineering,2018,18(24):16-21. (in Chinese with English abstract doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2018.24.003
[36]	蒋涛,崔圣华. 川滇地区典型强震诱发滑坡分布对比研究[J]. 科学技术与工程,2022,22(31):13662-13671. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2022.31.007 JIANG T,CUI S H. Comparative study on the distribution of typical strong earthquake-induced landslides in Sichuan and Yunnan regions[J]. Science Technology and Engineering,2022,22(31):13662-13671. (in Chinese with English abstract doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2022.31.007
[37]	XU C. Preparation of earthquake-triggered landslide inventory maps using remote sensing and GIS technologies:Principles and case studies[J]. Geoscience Frontiers,2015,6(6):825-836. doi: 10.1016/j.gsf.2014.03.004
[38]	许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华. 玉树地震滑坡分布调查及其特征与形成机制[J]. 地震地质,2012,34(1):47-62. XU C,XU X W,YU G H. Study on the characteristics,mechanism,and spatial distribution of Yushu earthquake triggered landslides[J]. Seismology and Geology,2012,34(1):47-62. (in Chinese with English abstract
[39]	ZOU Y,QI S W,GUO S F,et al. Factors controlling the spatial distribution of coseismic landslides triggered by the M_w 6.1 Ludian earthquake in China[J]. Engineering Geology,2022,296:106477. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106477
[40]	刘甲美,王涛,杜建军,等. 四川泸定M_s 6.8级地震诱发崩滑灾害快速评估[J]. 水文地质工程地质,2023,50(2):84-94. LIU J M,WANG T,DU J J,et al. Emergency rapid assessment of landslides induced by the Luding M_s 6.8 earthquake in Sichuan of China[J]. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology,2023,50(2):84-94. (in Chinese with English abstract