International Research Progress and Development Suggestions of Hot Dry Rock EGS Flow Test
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摘要:
干热岩是一种开发前景广阔的地热资源。增强型地热系统是当前干热岩开发的主要方式，需要通过多个工程环节衔接实施，循环试验是其中的重要步骤。循环试验实施过程具有长期性和复杂性的特点，亟需技术突破降本增效。简要总结了国内外较为典型的干热岩开发EGS工程的循环试验经验和探索方向，阐述了多种因素对于循环试验的影响，并结合青海共和场地的实际情况提出了发展建议。可以看出，以往提高循环试验效果主要是通过开发层位及井组调整、长期循环、储层改造以及化学刺激等方法实现的，而当前技术人员主要通过改进准确获取工程参数的方法，以及改进注采井组设计和储层改造工艺进行探索。循环试验的方案制定需要充分考虑地质因素，且数值模拟、储层刺激、流程设计、工程实施等方面都值得进行深入研究。随着开发技术的日趋成熟，干热岩地热资源将会成为我国能源结构中的重要一环，为经济发展和环境保护发挥重要的作用。
Abstract:Significance Hot dry rock is a widely distributed and abundant geothermal resource, and its development and utilization are of great significance in reducing fossil energy consumption, alleviating environmental pollution, and ensuring energy security. Enhanced geothermal systems are currently the main way of developing hot dry rock resource, generally implemented through several links such as engineering site selection, geothermal drilling, thermal reservoir stimulation, flow test, and power generation engineering. Among them, flow test is an important link in undertaking thermal reservoir stimulation and power generation engineering, used to form injection and production well groups, evaluate cycle circuits, expand heat exchange capacity, and lay the foundation for ultimately achieving power generation goals safely and stably. The implementation process of flow test has the characteristics of long-term and complexity, which can easily lead to problems such as insufficient connectivity, strong microseismic effects, liquid leakage, scaling of the circulating liquid, and insufficient equipment reliability. Therefore, the flow test of hot dry rock development sites internationally is often intertwined with drilling and reservoir stimulation, and accompanied by scheme adjustments, in order to gradually achieve the power generation goal.
Progress This article briefly summarizes the flow test experience and exploration direction of typical hot dry rock development EGS systems at home and abroad, elaborates on the influence of various factors on flow test, and proposes development suggestions based on the actual situation of the Qinghai Gonghe site. It can be seen that in the past, improving the effectiveness of flow test was mainly achieved through methods such as adjusting the development layer and well group, long-term circulation, hydraulic fracturing, and chemical stimulation. However, current technicians mainly explore by accurately obtaining engineering parameters and improving the design of well groups and reservoir stimulation processes.
Conclusions and Prospects In summary, the formulation of the flow test plan needs to fully consider geological factors and adapt to local conditions. At the same time, key technologies in flow test, such as reservoir evaluation, reservoir stimulation, and engineering implementation, are worthy of in-depth research. The progress of these key technologies requires the establishment of the numerical models with more accuracy , the improvement of the accuracy and stability of various monitoring techniques, the application of more diverse hydraulic fracturing and chemical stimulation processes, and the establishment of a more comprehensive risk prevention and control system for induced earthquakes. In addition, the application of new technologies is also a possible breakthrough. Supercritical carbon dioxide and liquid nitrogen fracturing technology has advantages in thermal reservoir fracturing and energy enhancement in hot dry rock stimulation. Explosive fracturing technology has a certain effect on improving the complexity of near wellbore fractures and enhancing the injection capacity of well groups.Finally, with the goal of experimental power generation, focusing on key issues in multi well group flow test, improving the construction process of flow test is also an effective means to improve efficiency and save costs. With the increasingly mature development technology, hot dry rock geothermal resources will become an important part of China's energy structure, playing an important role in economic development and environmental protection.
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Key words:
- hot dry rock /
- enhanced geothermal system /
- flow test /
- hydraulic fracturing /
- Gonghe basin
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图 1 Fenton Hill EGS工程循环注采井示意图（据文献[22]修编）
EE-2，EE-3，EE-3A和EE-2A均为注采井，其中EE-3A和EE-2A分别为在EE-2和EE-3基础上侧钻的井，原因是原井连通不佳，因此改变井轨迹去增大连通概率；注入区域为虚线圈闭起来的范围；箭头为注入流体的流动方向
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of Fenton Hill EGS flow test well group
图 2 Soultz EGS工程场地循环注采井分布示意图（据文献[28]修编）
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of Soultz EGS flow test well group
图 3 Habanero EGS工程场地循环注采井分布（据文献[39]修编）
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of Habanero EGS flow test well group
图 4 Hijiori EGS工程场地循环注采井分布（据文献[47]修编）
HDR-2和HDR-3均为生产井；SKG-2和HDR-1均为注水井；HDR2A为HDR2的加深井，1994年HDR-2堵塞深度约为
1600 m，然后加深至2303 m；黑色垂直带为井套管；白色垂直区域为无套管井筒。Figure 4. Schematic diagram of Hijiori EGS flow test well group
图 5 2019年区域2注入测试期间单次（循环5）的压力−排量曲线（据文献[54]修编）
Figure 5. Pressure curve for a single cycle (cycle 5) during injection testing in region 2 in 2019
图 6 Fervo EGS工程场地循环注采井分布示意图（据文献[58]修编；1 ft=
0.3048 m）Figure 6. Schematic diagram of Fervo EGS flow test well group
图 7 共和场地压裂注采期间注入井施工排量与压力变化趋势图（据文献[60]修编）
Figure 7. Trend chart of rate and pressure changes of injection well during flow test at Gonghe site
表 1 典型干热岩EGS工程稳定层位循环试验参数汇总
Table 1. Summary Table of Stable Layer Flow Test Parameters for Typical Hot Dry Rock EGS Engineering
名称 循环方量/m3 回收率 持续时
间/天循环井组 井间距/m 最大注入
流量/LS−1最大生产
流量/LS−1井口压力
(注)/MPa井口压力
(采)/MPa液体井口
温度/℃结垢控制 Fenton HillPhase Ⅱ 1986.5.19−6.18 37000 62.8% 30 1注1采 约400 18.3 13.5 31.5 3.4 190 生产井压力保持
在10 MPa左右1991.12−1992.3 估算 270000 左右水损失率稳定
在7%左右18 1注1采 7.2 6.4 25.9 10.3 180 1992.4.8−7.31 112 1注1采 6.76 5.66 27.29 9.66 183 1992.8−1993.2 205 1注1采 7.14 5.71 27.32 12.40 182.8 1993.2.22−4.15 55 1注1采 6.50 5.71 27.34 9.65 184 1995.5.10−7.14 66 1注1采 7.6 5.9 27.3 15.2 181 SoultzLevel Ⅲ 2008.7−8 62000 循环水中有地层
卤水成分，难以判别40 1注2采 约600 31 31 7.3 1.8 将生产井压力
保持在2 MPa左右2008.11−12 63000 40 1注2采 27 17 8.6 1.8 2009.3−2009.10 285000 230 2注2采 20 22 6.8 2 2009.11−2010.10 500000 323 2注1采 15 18 5 1.8 2011.1−4 165000 90 2注1采 11 22 1.8 1.9 2011.8−10 135000 70 2注1采 12 23 1.6 2 2012.3−4 30000 31 3注1采 12 21 1.5 2 2013.1−7 200000 180 3注1采 12 15 0.6 2 Cooper Basin 2008.12−2009.2 61000 71 1注1采 570 15.4 212 2013.4−2013.10 182000 91% 161 1注1采 690 18.9 215 Hijiori 2000.11.27−2001.11.15 484203 43% 354 1注2采 130 20.0 10-7 130 结垢严重。扩孔
消除水垢2001.11.23−2002.4.28 310733 54% 157 2注2采 130 16.7 2-4 2002.6.1−2002.8.31 92 2注2采 130 16.7 1 
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