Research on comprehensive evaluation and utilization of selenium-rich land quality in Tunliu District, Shanxi Province, China
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摘要:
开展土地调查与评价并发展特色产业是实现乡村振兴,巩固脱贫成果的重要工作。为了更加精准有效地指导区域农业生产布局和特色产业开发,在山西省长治市屯留区开展了富硒土地调查与评价工作。选取了富硒产业质量、生态环境和耕地地力三方面的指标来构建富硒土地综合质量评价体系,运用模糊数学法、熵权法、综合指数法等方法评价与划分土地等级。结果表明:①屯留区硒含量等级为高和适量的土壤占比54.47%,集中分布于全区东部;耕地地力等级分布不均,整体为西低东高;全域生态环境状况清洁。②全区一等富硒土地面积299.33 km2,占比26.61%,集中分布于东部平原地区。③屯留区小麦、尖椒和青椒达到富硒标准,尖椒富硒率为100%,农作物清洁状况良好。依据评价结果,结合屯留区国土空间规划,划分出三类土地:A类地(富硒富肥且清洁)规划种植富硒小麦和绿色蔬菜,同时发展观光农业;B类地(硒适量且清洁)规划种植富硒辣椒,同时发展农产品深加工;C类地(非富硒富肥)打造农产品深加工体系,同时发展农贸和旅游。为屯留区富硒农业产业规划以及区域协同发展提供了理论支持及科学建议。
Abstract:Objective Carrying out land surveys and evaluations and developing special industries is a very important task for China to realize rural revitalization and consolidate the results of poverty alleviation. In order to more accurately and effectively guide regional agricultural production layout and specialty industry development, a selenium-rich land survey and evaluation was conducted in Tunliu District, Changzhi City, Shanxi Province, China.
Methods Therefore, the indicators of selenium-rich industry quality, ecological environment and arable land strength were selected to construct a comprehensive quality evaluation system for selenium-rich land, and then fuzzy mathematical method, entropy weighting method, and composite index method were applied to evaluate and grade the land in the study area, and ArcGIS was used to implement the results.
Results The results show that: ① the land with soil selenium content grades of high selenium and moderate selenium in Tunliu District accounted for 54.47% of the statistical area, and these soils were concentrated in the eastern part of the district; the distribution of cultivated land strength grades in Tunliu District was uneven, and the overall characteristics showed that it was low in the western part and high in the eastern part; the results of the evaluation of ecological environment grades were clean in the whole district. ② There are 299.33 square kilometers of selenium-enriched land in Tunliu District with comprehensive quality grade of first class, accounting for 26.61% of the statistical area, and concentrating in the plain area in the east. ③ Wheat, sharp peppers and green peppers in Tunliu have reached the standard of selenium enrichment of crops. Among them, the selenium enrichment rate of sharp peppers is 100%. In addition, the results of heavy metal element testing show that the crops in the district are in good clean condition.
Conclusion Based on the evaluation results of land and crops, and in conjunction with the spatial planning of land in Tunliu District, the land is divided into three types: A, B and C. Among them, type A land is characterized by high soil selenium content, rich nutrients and clean environment, so it is recommended to build selenium-enriched wheat and green vegetable planting bases in the area where this type of land is concentrated and develop tourism agriculture at the same time. Class C land is characterized by low soil selenium and nutrient content, which is unsuitable for planting crops, so it is recommended to build deep-processing factories for agricultural products in the areas where this type of land is concentrated, and to develop agricultural trade and tourism at the same time. It provides theoretical support and scientific suggestions for the planning of selenium-rich agriculture industry in Tunliu District and the synergistic development of the region.
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表 1 耕地地力指标相关系数矩阵
Table 1. Matrix of correlation coefficients of indicators of land productivity of arable land
指标 氮 有效磷 速效钾 有机质 pH 地形部位 土壤质地 利用现状 氮 1 有效磷 0.301** 1 速效钾 0.366** 0.445** 1 有机质 0.591** 0.190** 0.253** 1 pH 0.004 0.019 0.011 0.099** 1 地形部位 0.127** 0.174** 0.119** 0.206** 0.298** 1 土壤质地 0.140** 0.080** 0.001 0.158** 0.125** 0.312** 1 利用现状 0.184** 0.134** 0.072** 0.298** 0.320** 0.568** 0.350** 1 注:**在0.01级别(双尾),相关性显著 表 2 屯留区富硒土地综合质量评价体系及指标权重
Table 2. Evaluation system of comprehensive quality of selenium-rich land in Tunliu District and weights of indicators
目标层 准则层 指标层 富硒土地
综合质量富硒产业质量
(0.394)土壤硒 生态环境
(0.001)土壤环境
(砷、镉、汞、铅、铬、镍、铜、锌)耕地地力
(0.604)氮(0.10) 有效磷(0.11) 速效钾(0.01) 有机质(0.22) pH(0.08) 地形部位(0.07) 土壤质地(0.02) 利用现状(0.39) 注:括号中数据代表权重 表 3 土壤生态环境等级评价划分标准
Table 3. Criteria for classifying soil environmental grades
等级 一等 二等 三等 四等 五等 清洁 轻微污染 轻度污染 中度污染 重度污染 单因子污染指数P单 ≤1 (1,2] (2,3] (3,5] >5 综合污染指数P综 ≤0.7 (0.7,1] (1,2] (2,3] >3 表 4 概念型指标隶属度
Table 4. Conceptual indicator affiliation
指标 隶属度 地形部位 平原 盆地 低山丘陵 山地 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 土壤质地 中壤土 轻壤土 重壤土 砂壤土、粘壤土、粘土 砂土 1 0.85 0.8 0.6 0.4 利用现状 水浇地 旱地 1 0.7 表 5 数值型指标隶属度计算方法及函数转折点
Table 5. Numerical indicator affiliation calculation method and function turning points
耕地地力
指标计算公式 函数转折点 x1 x2 x3 x4 氮 $ f\left(x\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{c}\quad\qquad\ 1.0,x\ge {x}_{2}\\\dfrac{0.9\left(x-{x}_{1}\right)}{{x}_{2}-{x}_{1}}+0.1,{x}_{1}\le x < {x}_{2}\\ \quad\qquad\ \ 0.1,x < {x}_{1}\end{array}\right. $ 0.75 2 有效磷 5 40 速效钾 50 200 有机质 10 40 pH $ f\left(x\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{c}\dfrac{0.9\left({x}_{4}-x\right)}{{x}_{4}-{x}_{3}}+0.1,{x}_{3}\le x < {x}_{4}\\\qquad\qquad\ \ \ \ \ 1.0,{x}_{2} < x < {x}_{3}\\\dfrac{0.9\left(x-{x}_{1}\right)}{{x}_{2}-{x}_{1}}+0.1,{x}_{1}\le x < {x}_{2}\\\quad\qquad\ \ 0.1,x < {x}_{1}\end{array}\right. $ 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 注:氮、有机质单位为g/kg,有效磷、速效钾单位为mg/kg,pH为无量纲;x为指标实测值;x1、x2、x3、x4分别为评价因子在函数曲线中转折点取值。 表 6 富硒土地综合质量评价指标隶属度
Table 6. Affiliation of indicators for comprehensive evaluating selenium-rich land quality
准则层指标 隶属度 隶属度函数转折点 x1 x2 富硒产业质量 $f\left(x\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{c}\quad\qquad\ 1.0,x\ge {x}_{2}\\\dfrac{0.9\left(x-{x}_{1}\right)}{{x}_{2}-{x}_{1}}+0.1,{x}_{1}\le x < {x}_{2}\\ \quad\qquad\ \ 0.1,x < {x}_{1}\end{array}\right. $ 0.125 0.3 生态环境 0.7 1 耕地地力 0.48 0.69 表 7 屯留区富硒土地综合质量评价结果
Table 7. Results of the comprehensive quality assessment of selenium-rich land in Tunliu District
区域 总面积/
km2等级 一等 二等 三等 四等 五等 张店镇 319.69 比例/% 0 0.02 15.28 37.03 53.30 面积/km2 0 0.02 14.14 105.98 199.65 吾元镇 160.39 比例/% 0.40 6.28 6.93 21.49 22.84 面积/km2 1.21 5.61 6.41 61.49 85.57 余吾镇 119.84 比例/% 9.27 29.59 25.45 10.06 3.52 面积/km2 27.74 26.44 23.55 28.80 13.17 路村乡 69.90 比例/% 20.16 6.32 3.31 0.32 0 面积/km2 60.34 5.65 3.06 0.91 0 渔泽镇 30.02 比例/% 9.88 0.32 0 0 0 面积/km2 29.57 0.28 0 0 0 河神庙乡 101.26 比例/% 1.51 12.88 23.94 11.57 8.02 面积/km2 4.52 11.51 22.15 33.13 30.05 上村镇 43.57 比例/% 12.75 5.88 0.14 0 0 面积/km2 38.17 5.25 0.13 0 0 麟绛街道 64.29 比例/% 16.73 14.30 1.27 0.07 0 面积/km2 50.08 12.77 1.17 0.19 0 丰宜镇 146.38 比例/% 3.57 13.35 23.62 19.44 12.30 面积/km2 10.70 11.92 21.85 55.63 46.07 李高乡 86.64 比例/% 25.72 11.02 0 0 0 面积/km2 77.01 9.85 0 0 0 表 8 屯留区农作物及根系土硒元素特征统计
Table 8. Statistical of selenium characteristics of crops and root soil in Tunliu District
样品 种类 样本数 最小值 最大值 平均值 标准离差 变异系数 富集系数 富硒标准 富硒件数 富硒率/% 根系土 小麦 30 0.242 0.529 0.390 0.070 0.18 / >0.3 27 90.00 玉米 105 0.119 0.912 0.336 0.145 0.43 / 55 52.38 谷子 30 0.194 0.411 0.254 0.061 0.24 / 3 16.67 萝卜 15 0.290 0.407 0.357 0.031 0.09 / 14 93.33 白菜 15 0.315 0.359 0.343 0.012 0.04 / 15 100.00 茴子白 15 0.301 0.376 0.345 0.017 0.05 / 15 100.00 尖椒 15 0.099 0.461 0.269 0.093 0.35 / 7 46.67 青椒 15 0.301 0.423 0.377 0.031 0.08 / 15 100.00 农作物 小麦 30 0.026 0.138 0.062 0.025 0.40 0.16 ≥0.05 20 66.67 玉米 105 0.015 0.042 0.020 0.006 0.30 0.06 0 0 谷子 30 0.020 0.028 0.023 0.002 0.08 0.09 0 0 萝卜 15 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.000 0.18 0.01 ≥0.02 0 0 白菜 15 0.004 0.016 0.007 0.003 0.43 0.02 0 0 茴子白 15 0.006 0.016 0.009 0.003 0.30 0.03 0 0 尖椒 15 0.032 0.084 0.057 0.015 0.26 0.21 15 100.00 青椒 15 0.018 0.042 0.031 0.007 0.22 0.08 14 93.33 注:农作物富集系数为农作物元素含量平均值/根系土元素含量平均值,单位为mg/kg 表 9 屯留区作物重金属超标情况
Table 9. Exceedance of heavy metals in crops in Tunliu District
指标 样品 样本数 最小值 最大值 平均值 标准离差 变异系数 富集系数 安全限值 超标数 超标率/% 镉 尖椒 15 0.042 0.086 0.059 0.012 0.209 0.412 0.05 12 80.00 青椒 15 0.026 0.074 0.045 0.015 0.322 0.254 4 26.67 铬 尖椒 15 0.516 1.050 0.670 0.143 0.213 0.010 0.5 15 100.00 青椒 15 0.322 0.588 0.445 0.077 0.174 0.007 2 13.33 铅 萝卜 15 0.040 0.111 0.078 0.023 0.299 0.003 0.1 2 13.33 尖椒 15 0.182 0.472 0.252 0.078 0.308 0.010 15 100.00 青椒 15 0.146 0.272 0.203 0.037 0.183 0.008 15 100.00 注:农作物富集系数为农作物元素含量平均值/根系土元素含量平均值;单位:mg/kg -
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