Radiolarian assemblage from the Upper Permian Wujiaping Formation in the eastern Sichuan Basin and its hydrocarbon source significance
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摘要:
四川盆地东部(川东)红星地区上二叠统吴家坪组具备良好的页岩气成藏条件, 是四川盆地二叠系页岩气勘探的重要接替领域, 但对于该套硅泥质烃源岩的形成机理目前仍缺乏明确的认识。除了岩石矿物组成、地球化学成分、宏体化石组合等特征之外, 以放射虫为代表的微体化石对于辨别硅质泥页岩沉积的成因也具有重要意义。放射虫是显生宙海洋浮游生态系统的重要组成部分, 其组合可以指示沉积环境, 而其丰度是古海洋生产力的良好指标。利用酸蚀法分离出放射虫化石, 从而鉴别化石的形态组合特征并结合薄片镜下统计, 分析了放射虫丰度与总有机碳(TOC)含量的相关性。研究结果表明, 川东红星地区HY3井吴家坪组吴二段中发育大量放射虫化石, 经鉴定为泡沫虫目和内射球虫目分子, 属于典型的浅水放射虫组合(Se组合)。镜下统计表明吴二段放射虫丰度与TOC含量呈现较好的相关性。通过放射虫组合特征, 结合吴家坪组沉积序列和古地理背景, 推断吴二段烃源岩形成于水深小于60 m的较浅水环境。吴二段有机质富集可能受到初级生产力、氧化还原条件、陆源碎屑输入、上升流等多方面因素的影响, 其中高古生产力是吴二段有机质富集的主控因素之一。
Abstract:Objective The upper Permian Wujiaping Formation in the Hongxing area of eastern Sichuan Province has good shale gas accumulation conditions and is also an important successor for Permian shale gas exploration in the Sichuan Basin. However, the formation mechanism of these siliceous-argillaceous source rocks is still unclear. Apart from their petromineralogical characteristics, geochemical composition and macrofossil assemblage (represented by radiolarian) are also important for identifying the genesis of this siliceous-argillaceous source rock.
Methods Radiolarian is a significant planktonic component of the Phanerozoic marine ecosystem. Various radiolarian assemblages indicate different sedimentary environments, and their abundance is a good indicator of palaeoproductivity. In this study, radiolarians were separated by the acid-etching method to identify different morphological characteristics, and the correlation between radiolarian abundance and total organic carbon (TOC) content was also analysed through thin-section observation.
Results A large number of radiolarians were found in the Wujiaping Formation in the Well HY3 in the Hongxing area of eastern Sichuan Province. These fossils were identified as
Spumellaria andEntactinaria , belonging to a typical shallow-water radiolarian assemblage, namely, the Se assemblage. In the Second Member of the Wujiaping Formation, the radiolarian abundance exhibited a relatively positive correlation with the TOC content.Conclusion Based on the radiolarian assemblage characteristics, sedimentary sequence and palaeogeographic background of the Wujiaping Formation, it is inferred that these source rocks from the Second Member of the Wujiaping Formation formed in a shallow-water environment less than 60 m deep. The accumulation of organic matter in the Second Member of the Wujiaping Formation was probably affected by primary productivity, redox conditions, terrigenous debris input and upwelling, among which high palaeoproductivity was one of the main controlling factors.
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图 1 晚二叠世吴家坪期华南板块岩相古地理图及HY3井位置(据文献[45]修改，红点表示HY3井的位置)
Figure 1. Lithofacies paleogeographic map of the South China Block in the Wujiaping Stage of the Late Permian and location of Well HY3
图 2 红星地区HY3井吴二段典型岩心照片
a中的③、④、⑤分别代表吴二段的③、④、⑤小层，黄色虚线代表相邻小层之间的分界线，岩心顶、底标记的深度为校正后的测井深度，与后文的图 3对应；b, c分别对应a中白色虚线框内岩心的放大照片，指示富含放射虫硅质泥页岩
Figure 2. Typical core photos of the Second Member of the Wujiaping Formation from Well HY3 in the Hongxing area
图 3 红星地区HY3井吴家坪组综合柱状图(沉积相划分和相对海平面变化曲线均引自文献[52])
HST. 高位体系域；TST. 海侵体系域；LST. 低位体系域
Figure 3. Comprehensive column of the Wujiaping Formation from Well HY3 in the Hongxing area
图 4 红星地区HY3井吴二段典型放射虫薄片照片
a, b. HY3-45-B002，富含放射虫的硅质泥岩，黄色箭头所指的小白点即为放射虫，b为a的正交光照片；c, d. HY3-59-B001，富含放射虫的硅质泥岩，黄色箭头所指的小白点即为放射虫，d为c的正交光照片；e, f. HY3-49-B009，具有典型同心圈层结构的放射虫，f为e的正交光照片，放射虫部分被钙化；g, h. HY3-52-B009，具有典型同心圈层结构的放射虫，h为g的正交光照片，放射虫部分被钙化；i, j. HY3-59-B008，典型放射虫，相邻壳之间由多根放射棒相互连接，j为i的正交光照片；k, l. HY3-59-B018，典型放射虫，相邻壳之间由多根放射棒相互连接，l为k的正交光照片；m, n. HY3-59-B015，典型放射虫，壳体表面发育较粗的杆状刺，n为m的正交光照片；o, p. HY3-59-B017，典型放射虫，相邻壳之间由多根放射棒相互连接，p为o的正交光照片
Figure 4. Typical thin section photos of radiolarians from the Second Member of the Wujiaping Formation from Well HY3 in the Hongxing area
图 5 红星地区HY3井吴二段典型放射虫SEM照片
a. HY3-45-S004，球形放射虫，底部发育一根主刺；b. HY3-45-S005，球形放射虫，表面具有海绵状结构；c. HY3-45-S006，球形放射虫，表面具有格子状结构；d. HY3-45-S007，球形放射虫，表面具有海绵状结构；e. HY3-45-S008，球形放射虫，表面具有海绵状结构；f. HY3-45-S009，球形放射虫，表面具有海绵状结构；g. HY3-59-S001，球形放射虫，具有典型的同心圈层结构；h. HY3-45-S002，球形放射虫；i. HY3-45-S003，球形放射虫；j. HY3-45-S011，球形放射虫；k. HY3-45-S001，球形放射虫；l. HY3-45-S012，球形放射虫
Figure 5. Typical SEM images of radiolarians from the Second Member of the Wujiaping Formation from Well HY3 in the Hongxing area
图 6 红星地区HY3井吴二段w(TOC)与放射虫丰度相关性分析对比图(r为2组数据的Pearson系数)
Figure 6. Comparison diagrams of correlation analysis of TOC content and radiolarian abundance from the Second Member of the Wujiaping Formaiton in the Well HY3 in the Hongxing area
图 7 红星地区HY3井吴家坪组吴一段岩石学特征
a. HY3-02-B002，化石稀少的白云岩，黄色箭头所指为典型的白云石颗粒；b. HY3-03-B005，核形石灰岩，黄色箭头所指为典型的核形石；c. HY3-10-B004，含植物碎片的白云质灰岩；d. HY3-18-B001，富含黄铁矿的硅质钙质页岩；e. HY3-21-B009，以钙藻为主的生屑灰岩，黄色箭头所指为典型的钙藻；f. HY3-22-B004，生物类型丰富，含钙藻碎屑的生屑灰岩，黄色箭头指示各类代表性生物；g. HY3-24-B007，含海绵骨针的生屑灰岩，黄色箭头指示典型的海绵骨针；h. HY3-27-B003，含钙藻的生屑灰岩，黄色箭头指示比较完整的钙藻化石；i. HY3-29-B005，生屑灰岩，黄色箭头指示各类代表性生物
Figure 7. Petrological features of the First Member of the Wujiaping Formation from Well HY3 in the Hongxing area
图 8 红星地区HY3井吴家坪组吴二段岩石学特征
a, b. HY3-31-B009，吴二段①小层，含大量被硅化介壳的硅质灰岩，b为a的正交光照片；c, d. HY3-33-B001，吴二段①小层，含放射虫钙质硅质页岩，d为c的正交光照片；e. HY3-35-B002，吴二段②小层，生屑含量较少的泥晶灰岩；f. HY3-41-B006，吴二段③小层，富含放射虫钙质硅质岩；g, h. HY3-45-B006，吴二段③小层，富含放射虫硅质泥岩，h为g的正交光照片；i, j. HY3-46-B005，吴二段③小层，富含放射虫钙质硅质页岩，j为i的正交光照片；k, l. HY3-47-B003，吴二段③小层，富含放射虫钙质硅质页岩，l为k的正交光照片；m, n. HY3-48-B002，吴二段④小层，富含放射虫钙质硅质页岩，n为m的正交光照片；o, p. HY3-54-B003，吴二段⑤小层，含放射虫硅质钙质页岩，，p为o的正交光照片；图中黄色箭头所指的小白点即为放射虫
Figure 8. Petrological features of the Second Member of the Wujiaping Formation from Well HY3 in the Hongxing area
图 9 红星地区吴家坪组吴二段综合柱状对比图(HY1井资料均引自文献[20])
HY1井中的古生产力指标为w(Ni)xs、w(Cu)xs、w(Zn)xs，分别代表剔除陆源影响后的过剩Ni、过剩Cu、过剩Zn；古氧相指标为Ni/Co、V/Cr、V/(V+Ni)，其中Ni/Co的常氧/贫氧界线值为5(橙色虚线)，贫氧/厌氧界限值为7(紫色虚线)；V/Cr的常氧/贫氧界线值为2(橙色虚线)，贫氧/厌氧界限值为4.25(紫色虚线)；V/(V+Ni)的常氧/贫氧界线值为0.46(橙色虚线)，贫氧/准厌氧的界限值为0.6(紫色虚线)，准厌氧/厌氧界限值为0.84(蓝色虚线)
Figure 9. Comparison diagram of the comprehensive column of the Second Member of the Wujiaping Formation from Well HY3 in the Hongxing area
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