Spatial evolution of hydrogeochemistry driven by river water-groundwater transformations in the Manas River Basin
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摘要:
河水−地下水的相互转换影响着水化学的成分组成及演化规律，进而影响着水生态环境，因此了解其水化学成分的来源及演化机制具有重要意义。以中国典型干旱区玛纳斯河流域为研究区，运用水化学图解、离子比例系数分析和反向水文地球化学演化等方法，对该流域不同地貌的河水−地下水水化学特征、主要离子组分来源和演化规律开展了研究。结果表明，随地貌和河水−地下水转化关系的变化，河水和地下水水化学类型主要从HCO3·SO4-Ca型逐渐演化为Cl-Na型，水化学变化的自然驱动因素由水岩作用变为蒸发浓缩；在脱节段，水体水化学类型主要为HCO3·SO4-Ca型，主要受到溶滤作用；在河水−地下水交换段上游，主要为SO4·Cl-Na型，主要发生溶滤和混合作用；交互段下游水化学类型主要为Cl-Na型，主要受蒸发作用影响；反向演化结果进一步定量分析了研究区水岩作用的影响，沿地下水流方向，发生了钠长石和钙长石的沉淀，白云石、石膏、Ca-蒙脱石和岩盐的溶解，以及Na-Mg、Ca-Mg的正向阳离子交换。研究结果可为干旱半干旱地区的水环境保护和可持续管理提供科学依据。
Abstract:Objective The mutual conversion between river water and groundwater plays a crucial role in influencing the composition and evolution of hydrochemical components, and thus, has a significant impact on the water ecological environment. Hence, it is critical to gain a comprehensive understanding of the sources and evolution mechanisms of its hydrochemical components. The complex interactions between river water and groundwater can lead to alterations in the chemical constituents, which may have far-reaching consequences for the overall health and stability of the aquatic ecosystem.
Methods This work focused on the Manas River Basin, which is located in a typical arid area of China, as the research area. A series of advanced methods were involved in this work, including hydrochemical diagrams (provide a visual representation of the chemical characteristics); ion ratio coefficient analysis (helps in determining the relative proportions of different ions); and inverse hydrogeochemical evolution (allows for a detailed exploration of the historical changes in the water chemistry). Through these methods, an in-depth study is carried out on the hydrochemical characteristics of river water and groundwater in different landforms within the basin, as well as the sources of major ion components and the evolution laws.
Results These results obtained from the research are highly revealing. It is found that with the changes in landforms and the conversion relationship between river water and groundwater, the hydrochemical types of river water and groundwater experience a progressive evolution. Initially, they are mainly of the HCO3·SO4-Ca type, but gradually transform into the Cl-Na type. The natural driving factor responsible for these hydrochemical changes also shifts. In the disconnected segment, the hydrochemical type of water bodies is predominantly HCO3·SO4-Ca, and the main influencing factor is diafiltration. In the upper reaches of the river-groundwater exchange section, it is mainly SO4·Cl-Na type water, where leaching and mixing are the dominant processes. In the lower reaches of the interaction section, the hydrochemical type is mainly Cl-Na, which is dominantly affected by evaporation. The results of inverse evolution further quantitatively analyze the influence of water-rock interaction in the research area. Along the direction of groundwater flow, specific chemical reactions occur. For example, the precipitation of albite and anorthite takes place, while the dissolution of dolomite, gypsum, Ca-montmorillonite and rock salt is observed. Additionally, positive cation exchanges of Na-Mg and Ca-Mg are also detected.
Conclusion The results of the study can provide a scientific basis for water environment protection and sustainable management in arid and semi-arid regions.
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图 2 研究区典型剖面及不同地貌单元河水与地下水转换关系图
a. 玛纳斯河流域典型剖面[17]；b. 河水与地下水脱节示意图；c. 地下水溢出形成泉示意图；d. 河水补给地下水示意图；e. 地下水补给河水示意图
Figure 2. Typical profiles of the study area and the relationship between river water and groundwater conversion in different geomorphologic units
图 3 研究区河水和地下水的水化学成分空间变化
Figure 3. Spatial variations in water chemistry of river water and groundwater in the study area
图 6 研究区离子比值关系图
实线表示纵坐标与横坐标比值为1；虚线表示纵坐标与横坐标比值为0.5；meq/L=mmol/L×离子价
Figure 6. Crossplot of ion ratio in the study area
图 7 研究区矿物饱和指数(SI)与水中TDS质量浓度的关系
a. 河水；b. 地下水；圆圈代表方解石；正方形代表白云石；三角形代表石膏；菱形代表岩盐
Figure 7. Relationship between mineral saturation index (SI) and TDS concentration in water in the study area
图 8 研究区阳离子交换比值图
实线表示纵坐标与横坐标比值为−1；meq/L=mmol/L×离子价
Figure 8. Plot of cation exchange ratio in the study area
图 9 研究区河水−地下水循环与水化学类型演化图
Figure 9. Evolution of river-groundwater cycle and hydrochemical types in the study area
表 1 地下水路径反向模拟矿物质浓度结果
Table 1. Groundwater pathway inverse simulation results of mineral concentration
CB/(mmol·L−1) 矿物质 化学式 路径1 路径2 路径3 路径4 山间洼地 冲洪积扇 溢出带 细土平原 方解石 Calcite CaCO3 — 4.051×101 — — 白云石Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 2.776×101 7.497×100 2.775×101 2.773×101 石膏 Gypsum CaSO4·2H2O 4.225×10−3 7.161×10−4 9.040×10−3 2.590×10−2 钠长石 Albite NaAlSi3O8 −3.718×101 −3.718×101 −3.719×101 −3.716×101 钙长石 Anorthite CaAl2Si2O8 −4.607×101 −4.607×101 −4.606×101 −4.603×101 Ca-蒙脱石 (Na，Ca)0.33 (Al，Mg)2
[Si4O10] (OH)2·nH2O5.550×101 5.551×101 5.549×101 5.546×101 岩盐Halite NaCl 1.407×10−3 4.819×10−4 2.213×10−3 4.246×10−2 CO2 −5.550×101 −5.550×101 −5.549×101 −5.545×101 阳离子交换 CaX2 9.157×100 −1.110×101 9.153×100 9.133×100 MgX2 −2.775×101 −7.496×100 −2.776×101 −2.772×101 NaX 3.719×101 3.719×101 3.718×101 3.719×101 注：正值表示溶解;负值表示沉淀;“—”表示矿物未参加反应 
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