Diagenetic densification of Chang 8 sandstone reservoirs and its relationship with hydrocarbon accumulation in Tiebiancheng area, Jiyuan Oilfield, Ordos Basin
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摘要: 通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、X衍射、高压压汞和流体包裹体等多种测试分析，系统研究了鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬油区东南部铁边城区块延长组长8油层组致密砂岩储层的岩石物性、成岩作用和致密化过程及其与油气充注成藏的时序关系。结果表明，研究区长8储层岩石类型以细粒岩屑长石砂岩为主，成分成熟度和结构成熟度低，储集性能较差，平均孔隙度为7.34%、平均渗透率为0.11×10-3 μm2，属于较为典型的(特)低孔-超低渗致密储层，成岩作用类型以压实、胶结和溶蚀作用为主，成岩演化阶段主体已进入中成岩A期；储层成岩-致密化过程先后经历了早成岩A-B期压实+胶结减孔、中成岩A1期溶蚀增孔+胶结减孔、中成岩A2期胶结减孔3个主要阶段。早白垩世末(100 Ma)最大埋深之前的压实和胶结作用是储层致密化的根本原因，造成孔隙度分别降低了21.14%和14.0%，溶蚀增加的孔隙度仅为1.76%；早白垩世中期2个主要幕次(123 Ma和105 Ma)的大规模烃类充注-成藏事件开始发生时，储层孔隙度已在晚期胶结作用影响下降至7.82%，成为典型的(特)低孔-超低渗致密砂岩储层，因而具有“先致密、后成藏”的特征。Abstract: Based on multiple testing data from the casting slice, cathodoluminescence, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, HPMI, reservoir physical property, and fluid inclusion thermometry, systematic research was conducted to investigate the petrologic features, reservoir properties, diagenetic porosity evolution, and temporal relations between the densification and oil charging process of the Chang 8 sandstone reservoirs of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in Tiebiancheng area of Jiyuan Oilfield, Ordos Basin. The results show that the Chang 8 reservoirs in the study area are mainly composed of fine-grained lithic feldspar sandstones with low maturity of composition and texture, featuring unconventional tight reservoirs with an average porosity of 7.34% and permeability of 0.112×10-3μm2, which generally reach the middle diagenetic stage A. The diagenetic porosity evolution of the Chang 8 reservoirs mainly experienced three stages: porosity reduction by compaction and cementation in early diagenetic stage A-B, porosity increase by dissolution and reduction by cementation in middle diagenetic stage A1, and porosity reduction to densification by cementation in middle diagenetic stage A2 to B1. Until the end of the Early Cretaceous, all the occurred compaction and cementation made the reservoir porosity decrements approach 21.14% and 14%, respectively, while the porosity increment by dissolution was only about 1.76%. At the beginning of two episodic large-scale oil charging events that occurred at 125 and 105 Ma during the middle to late period of the Early Cretaceous, the porosity of the Chang 8 sandstone reservoirs decreased to 7.82% under the influence of late cementation. It became a typical ultra-low porosity and ultra-low permeability tight sandstone reservoir, thus most likely indicating that the densification of the Chang 8 reservoirs occurred earlier than the hydrocarbon accumulation in this study.
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Key words:
- Ordos Basin /
- Tiebiancheng area /
- Chang 8 oil reservoir /
- diagenesis /
- densification /
- hydrocarbon accumulation
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图 1 研究区长8储层沉积背景和砂体展布特征(图例中数值砂体厚度)
a.盆地构造分区及姬塬油区位置；b.姬塬油区长8储层沉积环境及砂体展布特征；c.研究区长8储层砂体展布特征
Figure 1. Sedimentary background and the sandy body distribution characteristics of Chang 8 reservoirs in the study area
图 2 研究区长8储层砂岩类型及成分分类(a.砂岩分类；b.砂岩成分；c.胶结物类型)
1.石英砂岩；2.长石质石英砂岩；3.岩屑质石英砂岩；4.长石岩屑质石英砂岩；5.长石砂岩；6.岩屑质长石砂岩；7.长石质岩屑砂岩；8.岩屑砂岩
Figure 2. Sandstone components and types of Chang 8 reservoirs in the study area
图 3 铸体薄片和扫描电镜观察下储层的孔隙类型
a.J51井，2 367.4 m，粒间孔，铸体薄片；b. J51井，2 366 m，粒间孔，扫描电镜；c. J43井，2 265.27 m，粒间孔-长石溶孔，铸体薄片；d. J95井，2 358.5 m，粒间孔-长石铸模孔，铸体薄片；e. J209井，2 344.72 m，粒间孔-微裂隙，铸体薄片；f. Y263井，2 306.7 m，绿泥石晶间孔，铸体薄片
Figure 3. Main pore types observed by casting thin sections (polished thin section) and SEM
图 4 研究区长8储层孔隙结构与物性特征
Figure 4. Characteristics of pore structure (a) and physical properties (b) of Chang 8 reservoirs in the study area
图 5 研究区长8储层成岩作用的微观镜下特征
a.J209井，2 344.72 m，碎屑颗粒紧密接触，云母弯曲变形；b.J209井，2 343.6 m，粒间孔内充填方解石，阴极发光下呈亮黄色；c.Y263井，2 306.7 m，粒间孔或次生溶孔内充填铁方解石；d.J51井，2 367.4 m，铁方解石胶结物，阴极发光下呈橘红色；e.Y273井，2 329.3 m，碎屑颗粒表面附着的叶片状绿泥石；f.Y263井，2 304.7 m，自生石英晶体表面附着的叶片状绿泥石；g.J209井，2 344.7 m，伊利石薄膜，正交偏光下呈高级干涉色；h.J209井，2 343.6 m，碎屑颗粒表面的鳞片状、丝缕状伊利石；i.J51井，2 362.5 m，碎屑颗粒表面的蜂窝状或卷片状伊/蒙混层；j.J109井，2 213.35 m，呈书页状集合体充填于粒间孔内的高岭石胶结物，部分表面被丝缕状伊利石附着；k.J95井，2 358.5 m，石英次生加大边；l.J51井，2 366 m，自生石英晶体；m.J43井，2 265.27 m，长石溶蚀形成的粒内溶孔；n.J209井，2 347.46 m，长石溶蚀形成的铸模孔，内部可见自生石英晶体；o.J51井，2 363.9 m，晚期铁方解石交代长石颗粒
Figure 5. Micro-features of diagenesis of Chang 8 reservoirs in the study area
图 6 研究区长8储层砂岩的流体包裹体镜下特征
a.J209井，2 343.8 m，石英颗粒内部及早期次生加大边内侧的深褐色烃类包裹体；b.J51井，2 366.2 m，沿切穿石英次生加大边的微裂隙中呈条带状分布的浅褐色-灰色液态烃包裹体；c.J209井，2 342.25 m，串珠状分布在长石溶蚀解理缝中的灰色烃类包裹体；d.J51井，2 364 m，分布在晚期碳酸盐胶结物中的灰色液态烃类包裹体
Figure 6. Characteristics of fluid inclusions under microscope of Chang 8 reservoirs in the study area
图 7 研究区长8储层埋藏-热演化史、成岩-孔隙演化史及与烃类充注事件的关系
a.J119井埋藏-热演化史和油气充注事件；b.流体包裹体均一温度分布特征；c.成岩演化阶段；d.孔隙演化史
Figure 7. Comprehensive analysis diagram of the tightening process of Chang 8 reservoirs in the study area
图 8 长8和长7原油与长8储层包裹体烃的甾烷质量色谱对比特征
Figure 8. Mass chromatographic feature of crude oil of Chang 7 and Chang 8 comparising with that of the Chang 8 reservoirs inclusion hydrocarbon
表 1 研究区长8储层孔隙度演化模拟计算公式
Table 1. Calculation formula of porosity evolution simulation of Chang 8 reservoirs in the study area
孔隙度演化参数 计算公式[39-42] 符号注解 分选系数 $ {S_0} = \sqrt {{D_{25}}/{D_{75}}} $ φce.现今胶结物体积分数；
φori.粒间面孔率；
φmatr.杂基原生微孔面孔率；
φave.样品实测孔隙度；
φpor.总孔隙面孔率；
φdiss.溶蚀孔面孔率；
φi-e.自生晶间孔面孔率；
φfiss.成岩缝面孔率；
D25.粒度累积频率曲线上25%处的粒径大小；
D75.粒度累积频率曲线上75%处的粒径大小初始孔隙度 φ1=20.91+(22.9/S0) 压实后剩余孔隙度 φ2=φce+(φori+φmatr)·φave/φpor 压实过程损失孔隙度 L1=φ1-φ2 压实过程孔隙度损失率 F1=L1/φ1×100% 压实-胶结-交代后剩余孔隙度 φ3=φ2-φce 胶结-交代过程损失孔隙度 L2=φce 胶结-交代过程孔隙度损失率 F2=L2/φ1×100% 溶蚀作用产生的孔隙度 φ4=φdiss/φpor·φave 自生晶间孔产生的孔隙度 φ5=φi-e/φpor·φave 微破裂作用产生的孔隙度 φ6=φfiss/φpor·φave 成岩作用产生的孔隙度 φ7=φ4+φ5+φ6 次生孔隙度增加率 F3=φ7×100%/φ1 微孔率 Fmicr=(φave-φpor)×100%/φave 计算现今孔隙度 φn=φ3+φ7 
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