Pollution assessment and source analysis of heavy metals in agricultural soil around Zijiang River estuary
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摘要: 资江是洞庭湖的第二大支流，其中上游锑(Sb)矿采矿冶炼工业发达，给资江下游及洞庭湖区带来了严重的重金属污染风险。以资江河口区为研究区，采集了132个农田土壤样品及7个资江水样，综合采用多种污染评价方法、空间分析、多元统计分析方法对研究区重金属进行了污染评价及来源分析。结果表明，研究区农田土壤重金属平均质量分数表现为Zn>Cr>Ni>Pb>Cu>As>Sb>Cd，旱田土壤重金属平均质量分数除Pb外均高于水田。Sb、As、Cd为主要污染元素，Sb达到了中等污染和中等生态风险的程度，总体处于轻微-中等生态风险程度。资江水体Sb质量浓度较高，平均为10.51 μg/L。Sb主要来源于中上游的锑矿工业，受高锑质量浓度地表水灌溉、垃圾填埋场以及燃煤等人为活动的控制；Cd主要来源于农药化肥、生活垃圾和城镇废水等人为活动；Cr主要来源于成土母质，而Cu、Zn、As、Ni、Pb受成土母质和人为活动的双重控制。Abstract: Zijiang River is the second largest tributary of Dongting Lake. The developed antimony (Sb) mine mining and smelting industry in the upper and middle reaches of Zijiang River bring serious heavy metal pollution risks to the lower reaches of Zijiang River and the Dongting Lake. Taking Zijiang river Estuary as the study area, 132 agriculture soil samples and 7 water samples of Zijiang River were collected, and then multi-methods of contamination assessment, spatial analysis and multivariate statistical analysis methods were comprehensively used to evaluate pollution status and sources of the heavy metal this site. The results showed that the average concentration of heavy metals in farmland soil in the study area was Zn>Cr>Ni>Pb>Cu>As>Sb>Cd, and the average concentration of heavy metals in upland fields was higher than that in paddy fields except for Pb. Sb, As and Cd were the main pollution elements. Besides, Sb reached the level of medium pollution and medium ecological risk, and the site was generally at a slight-medium ecological risk level. The Sb concentration of Zijiang river was relatively high, with an average of 10.51μg/L. Sb mainly came from the antimony mining industry in the upper and middle reaches, and was controlled by human activities such as high antimony concentration surface water irrigation, landfills and coal burning; Cd mainly came from human activities such as pesticides, fertilizers, household garbage and urban wastewater; Cr was mainly derived from soil parent material, while Cu, Zn, As, Ni, Pb were controlled by soil parent material and human activities.
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Key words:
- Zijiang River estuary /
- agricultural soil /
- heavy metal /
- multivariate statistical analysis /
- antimony
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图 2 研究区农田土壤重金属元素质量分数分布图
Figure 2. Distribution map of heavy metals in farmland soil in the study area
图 3 研究区土壤样品重金属污染指数
Figure 3. Heavy metal pollution index of soil samples in the study area
图 4 研究区土壤样品潜在污染指数
Figure 4. Potential pollution index of soil samples in the study area
图 6 研究区土壤样品潜在生态风险程度
Figure 6. Potential ecological risk of soil samples in the study area
表 1 Cf、Cp和Igeo的分级标准[20]
Table 1. Classification criteria for Cf, Cp and Igeo
重金属污染指数Cf 潜在污染指数Cp 地累计指数Igeo 污染程度 < 1 < 1 ≤0 无污染 (1, 3] [1, 3] (0, 1] 轻度-中度污染 (3, 6] (1, 2] 中度污染 (2, 3] 中度-重度污染 > 6 > 3 (3, 4] 重度污染 (4, 5] 重度-极重污染 > 5 极重污染 
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表 2 潜在生态风险评价分级标准
Table 2. Classification criteria for potential ecological risk assessment
单个重金属的潜在生态危害系数Eri 潜在生态风险指数RI 潜在生态风险程度 < 40 < 150 轻微 [40, 80) [150, 300) 中等 [80, 160) [300, 600] 强 [160, 320] > 600 很强 > 320 极强
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表 3 研究区农田土壤重金属元素质量分数统计性结果
Table 3. Statistical results of heavy metal elements in farmland soil in the study area
类型 As Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Sb Zn 水田 范围 10.70~34.30 0.09~0.92 53.00~88.00 15.80~72.10 18.20~46.20 23.60~73.50 1.70~42.60 33.00~160.00 平均值 17.79 0.40 71.41 27.23 32.06 33.79 6.51 92.31 极差 23.60 0.83 35.00 56.30 28.00 49.90 40.90 127.00 标准偏差 4.12 0.17 7.11 6.48 4.83 7.14 6.89 22.20 变异系数/% 23 43 10 24 15 21 106 24 旱地 范围 13.90~31.80 0.04~1.89 54.00~94.00 21.10~38.40 22.60~60.60 22.00~61.80 1.45~60.30 55.00~127.00 平均值 19.55 0.43 72.06 28.07 36.01 31.36 9.68 95.14 极差 17.90 1.85 40.00 17.30 38.00 39.80 58.85 72.00 标准偏差 4.20 0.34 8.29 3.88 7.09 6.62 14.66 21.21 变异系数/% 21 79 12 14 20 21 151 22 江汉-洞庭平原[23] 10.23 0.15 13.62 18.57 - 20.86 - 84.06 鄱阳湖[24] 13.15 0.18 81.91 38.45 - 35.44 - 80.45 巢湖[25] 5.83 4.27 10.02 15.31 21.33 26.71 - 42.60 成都平原[26] 9.50 0.32 104.00 35.20 39.30 41.40 - 112.00 三江平原[27] 16.87 0.18 69.83 35.28 22.29 18.26 - 68.21 国家土壤环境背景值[28] 9.60 0.08 57.30 20.70 24.90 23.50 1.07 68.00 洞庭湖平原土壤背景值[29] 12.31 0.31 88.20 26.01 26.51 31.69 1.32 86.10 注：表中重金属元素质量分数的范围、平均值、极差单位均为10-6
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表 4 研究区潜在生态风险评价结果
Table 4. Evaluation results of potential ecological risks in the study area
As Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Sb Zn 潜在生态风险指数(RI) 风险级别 单个重金属元素的潜在生态危害指数(Eri) 水田 14.45 38.93 1.62 5.23 6.05 5.33 49.32 1.07 122.00 轻微 旱地 15.88 41.94 1.63 5.40 6.79 4.95 73.32 1.11 151.02 中等
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表 5 研究区农田土壤相关性分析结果
Table 5. Results of correlation analysis of farmland soil in the study area
重金属 As Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Sb Cd 0.331** Cr 0.397** -0.141 Cu 0.330** 0.542** 0.149 Ni 0.550** 0.347* 0.539** 0.517** Pb 0.484** 0.337** 0.385** 0.320** 0.481** Sb 0.344** 0.322** -0.067 0.235* 0.179* 0.173* Zn 0.449** 0.757** 0.103 0.751** 0.636** 0.463** 0.331** 注：**和*分别表示在0.01置信水平(双尾)和0.05置信水平(双尾)下相关性显著
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表 6 研究区土壤重金属含量旋转因子载荷
Table 6. Rotation factor loading of heavy metal content in the study area
重金属 PC1 PC2 共同度 As 0.326 0.687 0.647 Cd 0.899 0.004 0.825 Cr -0.216 0.880 0.846 Cu 0.774 0.264 0.723 Ni 0.430 0.748 0.767 Pb 0.337 0.648 0.626 Sb - - - Zn 0.896 0.308 0.925 方差贡献率/% 38.039 34.167 累计方差贡献率/% 38.039 72.206
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