Spatio-temporal development characteristics of major geohazards in Sichuan Province around "5·12" Wenchuan earthquake
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摘要: 区域地质灾害时空发育规律是内外地质营力共同作用的结果，大区域范围内外地质营力相对稳定，因此，地震的震源、震级、发生时间是影响大区域地质灾害时空发育规律的主要因素。为研究"5·12"汶川地震对四川省地质灾害时空发育的影响，以1998-2018年滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、地震、降雨等数据为基础，采用数理统计与空间分析方法对比分析了汶川地震前后四川省主要地质灾害时空特征，结果表明：①四川省主要地质灾害的活跃性呈周期变化，正常情况下呈现3 a左右的小周期，"5·12"地震后地质灾害逐年增强，4 a达到峰值，之后逐年减弱，8 a后其影响不明显；②主要地质灾害发生的相对强度地震后变化不大，但较震前在各类型分区所表现的地质灾害活力与强度不对应，地貌分区中地灾数量最多的为四川盆地，而地灾活力最强的为川西北高原；岩性分区上震后地灾易发性与震前相比较第四系高于坚硬岩区；构造分区上地质灾害具有明显的分区特征，地震前后扬子准地台发生的地灾强度均远远大于松潘-甘孜地槽褶皱系，但地灾活力明显弱于松潘-甘孜地槽褶皱系，基本构造单元也有类似的特点。
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关键词:
- “5·12”汶川地震 /
- 地质灾害 /
- 时空发育 /
- 地灾强度 /
- 地灾活力
Abstract: The temporal and spatial development law of regional geohazards is the result of the joint action of internal and external geological forces, which are relatively stable within a large area. Therefore, the source, magnitude and occurrence time of earthquakes are the main factors affecting the temporal and spatial development law of regional geohazards. In order to study the impact of "5·12" Wenchuan earthquake on the spatial and temporal development of geohazards in Sichuan Province, based on the data of landslide, collapse, debris flow, earthquake and rainfall from 1998 to 2018, the spatial and temporal characteristics of major geohazards in Sichuan Province around the Wenchuan earthquake were analyzed by mathematical statistics and spatial analysis methods, The results show that: ① Activity in major disasters in Sichuan Province shows cycles, under normal circumstances, it presents a small cycle of about 3 years, after the earthquake geohazards increased year by year, to the peak of 4a, then decreased year by year; the impact is not obvious after 8 years; ② The relative intensity of major geohazards has little change after the earthquake, but the activity and intensity of geohazards are not corresponding before the earthquake. In the geomorphic division, the largest number of geohazards is in Sichuan Basin, and the most active is in Northwest Sichuan Plateau. Compared with that before the earthquake, the occurrence of geohazards in the quaternary system is higher than that in the hard rock area. The geohazards in the tectonic zones have obvious zoning characteristics. The earthquake intensity of the Yangtze quasi-platform is much greater than that of the Songpan-Ganzi geosynclinal fold system before and after the earthquake, but the disaster activity is obviously weaker than that of the Songpan-Ganzi geosynclinal fold system, and the basic structural units have similar characteristics. -
图 1 1998-2018年四川省地质灾害相关数据
Figure 1. Data of geological disasters in Sichuan Province from 1998 to 2018
图 2 震前(a)、震后(b)主要灾害及年降雨量时间序列特征曲线
Figure 2. Time series characteristic curve of main disasters and annual rainfall before earthquake (a), and after earthquake (b)
图 3 各地貌单元震前(a)、震后(b)主要灾害分布图
Figure 3. Distribution of main disasters in each geomorphic unit before earthquake (a), and after earthquake (b)
图 4 各岩性分区震前(a)、震后(b)主要灾害分布图
Figure 4. Distribution of main disasters in different lithologic divisions before earthquake (a), and after earthquake (b)
图 5 各构造单元“5·12”地震前后主要地质灾害增长率
Figure 5. Rate of increase of major geological disasters before and after the "5·12" earthquake in each tectonic unit
表 1 四川省地质灾害岩性分区
Table 1. Lithologic division of geological hazards in Sichuan Province
岩性分区 特点 第四系 残积、坡积、松散沉积物 坚硬岩区 厚层状砂岩组
中-厚层状灰岩及白云岩组
块状玄武岩组
整体状花岗岩组较坚硬岩区 中-厚层状砂岩夹砾岩、泥岩组
厚层状砂岩夹板岩岩组
中-厚层状弱岩溶化灰岩、泥质灰岩岩组
薄-中厚层状砂岩与板岩互层岩组
中-厚层状板岩夹泥质灰岩、砂岩、火山岩岩组软弱-较坚硬岩区 层状砂、泥质及砾泥岩互层岩组
薄层状泥、页岩岩组
薄-中厚层状千枚岩、片岩夹灰岩、砂岩岩组
薄-中厚层状千枚岩、片岩夹火山岩、火山碎屑岩岩组软硬相间岩区 中-厚层状砂、泥质互层岩组
薄-中厚层状砂、泥岩夹灰岩、泥质灰岩岩组
中-厚层状中等岩溶化灰岩、白云岩夹砂、泥岩岩组
中-厚层状弱岩溶化灰岩、白云质灰岩夹千枚岩、板岩岩组
薄-中厚层状板岩、千枚岩与变质砂岩互层岩组块状英安斑岩夹火山碎屑岩岩组
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表 2 各构造单元地震前后地质灾害统计
Table 2. Statistics of geological disasters before and after earthquakes in each structural unit
Ⅰ级构造区 Ⅱ级构造区 Ⅲ级构造区(基本构造单元) 震前 震后 滑坡/起 崩塌/起 泥石流/起 滑坡/起 崩塌/起 泥石流/起 Ⅰ1扬子准地台 Ⅱ1康滇地轴 71 11 55 558 20 161 Ⅱ2盐源-丽江台缘坳陷褶断带 8 0 5 14 3 27 Ⅱ3龙门山台缘坳陷褶断带 9 10 7 276 142 467 Ⅱ4米仓山合隆 39 14 3 313 30 17 Ⅱ5山台缘坳陷褶断带 56 7 2 220 19 9 Ⅱ6上扬子台褶带 Ⅲ1瓦山-峨眉山断块 18 5 6 41 19 36 Ⅲ2凉山褶束 47 5 32 243 20 145 Ⅲ3大娄山褶束 22 13 1 87 31 18 Ⅱ7四川台拗 Ⅲ4川西台坳 167 45 13 1 123 293 244 Ⅲ5川北台坳 818 57 4 2 616 366 19 Ⅲ6川中台拱 549 174 8 2 218 626 40 Ⅲ7川东褶束 1 012 111 21 1 545 313 37 Ⅰ2松潘-甘孜地槽褶皱系 Ⅱ8巴颜喀拉冒地槽褶皱带 Ⅲ8摩天岭地背斜 1 0 5 77 22 86 Ⅲ9后龙门山地背斜 21 11 67 344 169 510 Ⅲ10里伍地背斜 3 3 10 8 5 40 Ⅲ11若尔盖中间地块 0 0 2 13 0 21 Ⅲ12马尔康地向斜 5 2 17 113 36 147 Ⅲ13炉霍-乾宁地背斜 0 0 4 5 2 30 Ⅲ14石渠-雅江地向斜 1 0 9 29 17 39 Ⅱ9沙鲁里山优地槽褶皱带 Ⅲ15中咱地背斜 1 0 4 8 2 54 Ⅲ16甘孜-木里地背斜 4 0 2 19 16 29 Ⅲ17义郭地向斜 0 0 2 7 2 52 Ⅰ3秦岭地槽褶皱系 53 4 0 178 13 9 Ⅰ4三江地槽褶皱系 1 0 0 0 0 10
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