Research status and development trend of fractures in carbonate reservoir
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摘要: 裂缝对碳酸盐岩储层油气产能有重要的影响。在总结碳酸盐岩裂缝的分类、成因、主控因素、识别与预测等方面的基础上，认为对非构造缝的分类、命名及其含义仍存在较大争议。裂缝成因主要包括构造作用、成岩作用、异常高压作用、剥蚀作用和风化作用。粒度和孔隙度对构造缝发育的影响机理有待进一步深入研究。沉积相对构造缝发育有一定的影响，但同一沉积相内岩性组成复杂，难以准确揭示裂缝发育的影响机理。直接研究岩性对裂缝发育影响更利于揭示裂缝形成机理。基于成岩演化序列对裂缝进行研究可明确裂缝形成时的岩石特征，为深入讨论构造缝发育的主控因素提供了基础。层间缝、缝合线、异常高压缝和溶蚀缝等非构造缝发育的主控因素有待进一步深入研究。近几年地震技术识别裂缝突破不大，非常规测井识别裂缝领域以声波远探测技术发展最快。常规测井识别裂缝一直是研究的热点问题，不同学者提出了40余种裂缝识别方法。测井、地震信息裂缝预测法预测结果可靠性高，是目前主流的裂缝预测技术。规范裂缝分类、梳理裂缝成因、深化构造缝发育机理研究、加强非构造缝主控因素探讨、提高常规测井裂缝识别率、综合现有不同裂缝预测技术预测裂缝是下一步裂缝研究的重要发展方向。Abstract: Fractures have a great impact on the oil and gas production of carbonate reservoirs.Much previous research have been done on the classification, genesis, controlling factors, identification and prediction of fractures in carbonate reservoirs.It is concluded that the classification, nomenclature and the meaning of some non-structural fractures are still controversial.The causes of fractures include tectonism, diagenesis, abnormal high pressure, denudation and weathering.The mechanism of grain size and porosity on the development of structural fractures still needs further study.Sedimentary facies has a certain influence on the development of structural fractures, but the lithology of the same sedimentary facies is complex, thus it is difficult to accurately reveal the formation mechanism of fracture development.Direct study on the influence of lithology on fracture development is more significant to reveal the fracture formation mechanism.The study of fractures based on diagenetic evolution sequence provides a basis for further discussion of controlling mechanism of rock on the fracture development.The controlling factors of the development of non-structural fractures such as bedding-parallel fractures, stylolites, abnormal high pressure fractures and dissolution fractures need to be further studied.In recent years, seismic has made little breakthrough in the field of fracture identification, and acoustic far detection technology has become the most potential technology in the field of unconventional logging.Fracture identification by conventional logging has always been the hot issue, and more than 40 different methods have been proposed by previous workers.Fracture prediction by using logging and seismic has the best reliability and it is the mainstream fracture prediction technology at present.Standardizing fracture classification, sorting out fracture genesis, deepening the study of the formation mechanism of structural fracture, strengthening the discussion of controlling factors of non-structural fracture, improving the fracture recognition rate of conventional well logging and predicting reservoir fracture by integrating existing fracture prediction technology are the important development directions of fracture research in the future.
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表 1 根据成因的裂缝分类方案
Table 1. Classification of fractures according to genesis
类别 特征 构造缝 区域构造裂缝 大面积分布，延伸方向和形态稳定，裂缝互不错位。一般产状稳定、倾角较大，常垂直或近垂直于岩层层面 局部构造裂缝 有一定的方向性和分布规律，穿层，多组系 非构造缝 表生裂缝 卸载裂缝 通常形状不规则，呈叠状或尖头状，与新形成的自由表面破裂相平行，其发育与地形有关 风化裂缝 呈叶脉状或马尾状，出现在岩层表面 成岩缝 收缩裂缝 干燥裂缝 亦称泥裂，发育在岩层表面。裂缝大部分连接成网状，形态平滑，边缘有轻微翘起现象。次级裂缝不发育 脱水收缩裂缝 一般呈网状，将岩石分割成若干个小的棱角状团块，或形成沿着颗粒边缘的粒缘缝，其延伸长度往往不超过一个颗粒粒径 矿物相变裂缝 通常形成一系列具有不规则几何形状的扩张或拉张缝，在扫描电镜下可见矿物晶簇的长轴平行于裂缝 压裂缝 一般都很微小，只有在显微镜下才可看见 层间缝 沿岩石的层理或者面理产生的破裂，与层面平行 溶蚀缝 破裂面呈不规则溶蚀扩大，缝壁凹凸不平，缝宽大小不一，其发育程度受岩性，水介质等条件控制，形状奇特，可呈漏斗状、树枝状、蛇曲状等 缝合线 呈齿状镶嵌，起伏波动明显，产状变化大，多被暗色泥质充填，有部分已转变为泥质条带 差异压实裂缝 不成组系分布，延伸不远，密度、宽度变化大。在地形起伏大，坡度陡的岩层中裂缝的密度及范围大 异常高压缝 走向弯曲、开度不一，呈裂缝脉群，均为张裂缝，产生后大部分被方解石、白云石等脉体充填，其有效性很低，含油性差，几乎不含油 
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表 2 不同类型裂缝的成因
Table 2. Genesis of different types of fractures
裂缝类型 裂缝成因 主控作用 发育频率 与油气富集的关系 代表性油气藏 构造缝 区域构造裂缝 在区域构造应力场的直接控制作用下形成的裂缝。其发育范围广泛，且成因与局部构造无关 构造作用 高 对油气富集有重要影响 塔里木盆地巴楚隆起鹰山组[28] 局部构造裂缝 一般是指在局部构造应力场的控制作用下形成的或与局部构造事件(褶皱和断层等)相伴而生成的裂缝 褶皱作用和断裂作用 高 对油气富集有重要影响 川西彭州地区雷口坡组[16] 非构造缝 表生裂缝 卸载裂缝 卸载裂缝是在一个方向上卸载或限制释放所形成的裂缝 剥蚀作用 低 对油气富集贡献不大 塔北地区奥陶系地层[22] 风化裂缝 各种机械和化学风化作用以及与块体塌移有关的作用下形成的一种裂缝 风化作用 低 对油气富集贡献不大 塔北地区奥陶系地层[22] 成岩缝 收缩裂缝 干燥裂缝 暴露于地表的沉积物失水而形成, 主要是张力裂缝。通常称之为泥裂 脱水收缩作用 低 对油气富集贡献不大 无 脱水收缩裂缝 成岩过程中黏土在水下或地下失水而造成沉积物总体积的减少, 相伴生的拉张或扩张作用而形成的裂缝 脱水收缩作用 低 对油气富集贡献不大 矿物相变裂缝 岩石中因矿物相变引起的岩石体积减少而形成的裂缝 脱水收缩作用 低 对油气富集贡献不大 压裂缝 随埋深的增加, 上覆岩石的负载增大, 导致沉积物中一些脆性颗粒破碎形成的微张裂缝 压实作用 高 对油气富集贡献不大 中亚让那诺尔油田[25] 层间缝 沉积的层面或层理提供了力学薄弱点，并在经受外力时沿层理或层面产生的破裂 构造作用 高 对油气富集贡献不大 中亚北特鲁瓦油田[29] 溶蚀缝 由于溶蚀作用改造而形成的裂缝 溶解作用 高 对油气富集有重要影响 塔北地区奥陶系地层[22] 缝合线 在上覆沉积物负荷作用下, 由于压力和孔隙流体的作用, 在应力点上矿物颗粒发生选择性溶解 压溶作用 高 对油气富集有一定影响 塔北地区奥陶系地层[22] 差异压实裂缝 当上覆沉积物厚度不均或地形的起伏较大时, 沉积物因差异压实作用在起伏的地形周围产生相对位移而形成的裂缝 压实作用 低 对油气富集贡献不大 无 异常高压缝 在一个封闭的环境中, 当流体的压力大于岩石抗张强度, 从而迫使流体沿岩性薄弱带或微裂缝向外排移, 以释放多余的压力而形成的裂缝 异常高压作用 高 对油气富集有重要影响 中亚肯基亚克油田[30]
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表 4 常规测井裂缝响应特征
Table 4. Responses of conventional logging for fractures
测井系列 高角度缝 低角度缝 网状缝 深浅双侧向测井 正差异，裂缝电导率与张开程度成正比关系，张开程度变大，高角度缝的深、浅侧向电阻率差值也变大 负差异，电阻率值变低，井曲线呈尖锐状，深浅双向测井值一般重合或负差异 双侧向测井在高电阻率背景上降低均比较明显，有一定厚度，但并非和低角度缝一样所表现的尖刺状特征 补偿声波测井 不明显 跳波，跳波强度与裂缝张开度及线密度呈正相关 补偿中子 张开缝或未完全充填时，有所反应但不明显 增大 增大 密度测井 无显示响应 明显，充填缝较致密围岩有所降低；张开缝密度低异常 低异常 自然伽马 衰减幅度大 影响小 不同程度衰减 自然电位 影响小 衰减幅度大 不同程度衰减 井径 扩径或缩径 扩径或缩径
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表 5 常规测井裂缝识别方法
Table 5. Summary of fracture identification methods by using conventional logging
孔隙结构指数[109] 地层因素比值[109] 饱和度比值[109] 骨架指数法[109] 渗透率差异法[110] 地层双轴各向异性法[111] 裂缝流体因子法[112] 等效弹性模量差比法[109] 岩石稳定系数[109] 龟裂系数法[113] 双井径差值[109] 井径相对异常[109] 电阻率校正差比法[114] 微电极电阻率差比[109] 电阻率指示法[115] 深侧向电阻率数值反演法[116] 声波密度裂缝孔隙度[109] 三孔隙度比值[114] 声波时差差比[109] 相对声波时差[109] 声波横波分裂法[117] 自然电位异常[109] 相对体积密度[109] 相对中子测井值[109] 逐步判别法[113] 综合概率密度法[118] 测井曲线变化率法[119, 120] 测井曲线重构法[121, 122] 最大熵预测误差原理法[123] DR参数[109] DP参数[109] 基尼系数法[109] R/S分析法[124] 裂缝概率模型法[125] 时频分布特性法[112] 小波多尺度变换法[126] 灰色理论预测裂缝[127] 神经网络预测裂缝[128-129] 分形维数法[130] Q聚类分析[131]
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