Volume 43 Issue 1
Jan.  2024
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
CHEN Biao, JIA Xiaoqi, WEI Wei, JIN Hailong. Characteristics and geological significance of geochronologic results from the Bayan Obo deposit, Inner Mongolia[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 2024, 43(1): 63-73. doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20230255
Citation: CHEN Biao, JIA Xiaoqi, WEI Wei, JIN Hailong. Characteristics and geological significance of geochronologic results from the Bayan Obo deposit, Inner Mongolia[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 2024, 43(1): 63-73. doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20230255

Characteristics and geological significance of geochronologic results from the Bayan Obo deposit, Inner Mongolia

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20230255
More Information
  • Author Bio:

    CHEN Biao, E-mail: 2413375236@qq.com

  • Corresponding author: JIN Hailong, E-mail: 1609244818@qq.com
  • Received Date: 20 Jun 2022
  • Accepted Date: 30 Jul 2022
  • Rev Recd Date: 28 Jul 2022
  • Objective

    The Bayan Obo deposit in Inner Mongolia is a rare superlarge REE-Nb-Fe polymetallic deposit worldwide. There are still controversies on the timing of REE mineralization in the deposit due to the complex geological evolution in the region.

    Methods

    Based on previous isotopic dating results, in combination with geological characteristics of the deposit, this paper re-evaluates potentially multiple episodes of REE mineralization.

    Results

    The Bayan Obo deposit has experienced the Precambrian tectonic evolution of the North China Craton between 2.5-1.8 Ga. The major REE mineralization was formed in the Bayan Obo rift at ~1.3 Ga during the final stage of the breakup of the Columbia supercontinent, coeval with carbonate dike in the region. Hydrothermal metasomatism or overprints occurred throughout the Bayan Obo area, which is related to the late Paleo-Asian Ocean subduction-collision orogeny in the northern margin of the North China Craton, producing the late REE veins and recrystallization of original REE minerals. Such a hydrothermal modification event has variably disturbed the isotopic system of the H8 ore-bearing dolomite, resulting in multiple periods of isotopic ages (1.0-0.2 Ga) with peaks at 440 Ma and 270 Ma.

    Conclusion

    In summary, the Bayan Obo deposit primarily formed from the ~1.3 Ga rift metallogenic event, superposed by Caledonian and Hercynian tectonothermal events.

     

  • The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
  • loading
  • [1]
    白鸽, 袁忠信, 吴澄宇, 等. 白云鄂博矿床地质特征和成因论证[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1996.

    BAI G, YUAN Z X, WU C Y, et al. Demonstration on geological characteristics and origin of the Bayan Obo deposit[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1996. (in Chinese)
    [2]
    FAN H R, HU F F, YANG K F, et al. Integrated U-Pb and Sm-Nd geochronology for a REE-rich carbonatite dyke at the giant Bayan Obo REE deposit, northern China[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2014, 63: 510-519. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.03.005
    [3]
    SMITH M P, CAMPBELL L S, KYNICKY J. A review of the genesis of the world class Bayan Obo Fe-REE-Nb deposits, Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2015, 64: 459-476. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.03.007
    [4]
    FAN H R, YANG K F, HU F F, et al. The giant Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit, China: Controversy and ore genesis[J]. Geoscience Frontiers, 2016, 7(3): 335-344. doi: 10.1016/j.gsf.2015.11.005
    [5]
    王辑, 李双庆, 王保良. 狼山-白云鄂博裂谷系[M]. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 1992.

    WANG J, LI S Q, WANG B L. The Langshan-Bayan Obo rift system[M]. Beijing: Peking University Press, 1992. (in Chinese)
    [6]
    ZHAO G C, SUN M, WILDE S A, et al. Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton: Key issues revisited[J]. Precambrian Research, 2005, 136(2): 177-202. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2004.10.002
    [7]
    YANG K F, FAN H R, SANTOSH M, et al. Mesoproterozoic carbonatitic magmatism in the Bayan Obo deposit, Inner Mongolia, North China: Constraints for the mechanism of super accumulation of rare earth elements[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2011, 40: 122-131. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.05.008
    [8]
    范宏瑞, 杨奎锋, 胡芳芳, 等. 内蒙古白云鄂博地区基底岩石锆石年代学及对构造背景的指示[J]. 岩石学报, 2010, 26(5): 1342-1350.

    FAN H R, YANG K F, HU F F, et al. Zircon geochronology of basement rocks from the Bayan Obo area, Inner Mongolia, and tectonic implications[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2010, 26(5): 1342-1350. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [9]
    ZHU X K, SUN J, PAN C X. Sm-Nd isotopic constraints on rare-earth mineralization in the Bayan Obo ore deposit, Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2015, 64: 543-553. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.05.015
    [10]
    YANG X Y, LAI X D, PIRAJNO F, et al. Genesis of the Bayan Obo Fe-REE-Nb formation in Inner Mongolia, North China Craton: A perspective review[J]. Precambrian Research, 2017, 288: 39-71. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2016.11.008
    [11]
    LE BAS M J, KELLER J, TAO K, et al. Carbonatite dykes at Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Mineralogy and Petrology, 1992, 46: 195-228. doi: 10.1007/BF01164647
    [12]
    YANG K F, FAN H R, PIRAJNO F, et al. The Bayan Obo(China) giant REE accumulation conundrum elucidated by intense magmatic differentiation of carbonatite[J]. Geology, 2019, 47: 1-5.
    [13]
    王凯怡, 范宏瑞, 谢奕汉. 白云鄂博碳酸岩墙的稀土和微量元素地球化学及对其成因的启示[J]. 岩石学报, 2002, 18(3): 340-348.

    WANG K Y, FAN H R, XIE Y H. Geochemistry of REE and other trace elements of the carbonatite dykes at Bayan Obo: Implication for its formation[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2002, 18(3): 340-348. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [14]
    WANG K Y, FAN H R, XIE Y H, et al. Zircon U-Pb dating of basement gneisses in the superlarge Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb deposit, Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Sci. Bull., 2022, 47: 243-247.
    [15]
    董春艳, 马铭株, 颉颃强, 等. 白云鄂博地区早前寒武纪基底岩浆作用和变质作用: 锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年和LA-MC-ICPMS Hf同位素分析[J]. 岩石学报, 2021, 37(2): 417-432.

    DONG C Y, MA M Z, XIE H Q, et al. Magmatism and metamorphism of the Early Precambrian basement in the Bayan Obo area, Inner Mongolia: Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating and LA-MC-ICP MS Hf analysis[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2021, 37(2): 417-432. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [16]
    刘健, 李印, 凌明星, 等. 白云鄂博矿床基底岩石的年代学研究及其地质意义[J]. 地球化学, 2011, 40(3): 209-222.

    LIU J, LI Y, LING M X, et al. Chronology and geological significance of the basement rock of the giant Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe ore deposit[J]. Geochimica, 2011, 40(3): 209-222. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [17]
    赵景德, MITSUNOBU T, MINKIN J A, 等. 以多种证据建立的白云鄂博稀土矿床成矿矿物的生成顺序[J]. 地质找矿论丛, 1991, 6(4): 1-17.

    ZHAO J D, MITSUNOBU T, MINKIN J A, et al. Multiple lines of evidence for establishing the mineral paragenetic sequence of the Bayan Obo rare earths ore deposit[J]. Contributions to Geology and Mineral Resources Research, 1991, 6(4): 1-17. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [18]
    CHAO E C T, BACK J M, MINKIN J A, et al. Host-rock controlled epigenetic, hydrothermal metasomatic origin of the Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb ore deposit, Inner Mongolia[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 1992, 7: 443-458. doi: 10.1016/0883-2927(92)90005-N
    [19]
    WANG J W, TATSUMOTO M, LI X B, et al. A precise 232Th-208Pb chronology of fine-grained monazite: Age of the Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb ore deposit, China[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1994, 58(15): 3155-3169. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90043-4
    [20]
    裘愉卓. 白云鄂博独居石SHRIM定年的思考[J]. 地球学报, 1997, 18(增刊1): 211-213.

    QIU Y Z. Thought of SHRIMP dating of Bayan Obo monazite[J]. Acta Geoscientia Sinica, 1997, 18(S1): 211-213. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [21]
    CAMPBELL L S, COMPSTON W, SIRCOMBE K. 232Th-208Pb(SHRIMP) dates of zircons from the Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit, China[C]//Anon. Joint Meeting of the Volcanic & Magmatic Studies Group. The Mineralogical Society and Mineral Deposits Studies Group, Durham, UK, [S. l. ]: [s. n. ], 2000.
    [22]
    CAMPBELL L S, COMPSTON W, SIRCOMBE K N, et al. Zircon from the East Orebody of the Bayan Obo FeeNbeREE deposit, China, and SHRIMP ages for carbonatite-related magmatism and REE mineralization events[J]. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2014, 168: 1041. doi: 10.1007/s00410-014-1041-3
    [23]
    刘玉龙, 陈江峰, 李惠民, 等. 白云鄂博矿床白云石型矿石中独居石单颗粒U-Th-Pb-Sm-Nd定年[J]. 岩石学报, 2005, 21(3): 881-888.

    LIU Y L, CHEN J F, LI H M, et al. Single-grain U-Th-Pb-Sm-Nd dating of monazite from dolomite type ores of the Bayan Obo deposits[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2005, 21(3): 881-888. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [24]
    LING M X, LIU Y L, WILLIAMS I S, et al. Formation of the world's largest REE deposit through protracted fluxing of carbonatite by subduction-derived fluids[J]. Scientific Reports, 2013, 3(1776): 1-8.
    [25]
    SONG W L, XU C, SMITH M P, et al. Genesis of the world's largest rare earth element deposit, Bayan Obo, China: Protracted mineralization evolution over ~1 b. y. [J]. Geology, 2018, 46(4): 323-326. doi: 10.1130/G39801.1
    [26]
    邓淼, 韦春婉, 许成, 等. 白云鄂博超大型稀土矿床成因评述[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(1): 14-28.

    DENG M, WEI C W, XU C, et al. Reviews on REE mineralization of Bayan Obo super-large deposit[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(1): 14-28. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [27]
    LI X C, FAN H R, ZENG X, et al. Identification of ~1.3 Ga hydrothermal zircon from the giant Bayan Obo REE deposit(China): Implication for dating geologically-complicated REE ore system[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2021, 138: 1-15.
    [28]
    NAKAI S, MASUDA A, SHIMIZU H. La-Ba dating and Nd and Sr isotope studies on Bayan Obo rare earth element ore deposit, Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Economic Geology, 1989, 84: 2296-2299. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.84.8.2296
    [29]
    PHILPOTTS J A, TATSUMOTO M, LI X, et al. Some Nd and Sr isotopic systematics for the REE-enriched deposits at Bayan Obo, China[J]. Chemical Geology, 1991, 90: 3-4.
    [30]
    张宗清, 唐索寒, 王进辉, 等. 白云鄂博稀土矿床形成年龄的新数据[J]. 地球学报, 1994, 15(增刊1): 85-94.

    ZHANG Z Q, TANG S H, WANG J H, et al. New data for ore-forming age of the Bayan Obo REE ore deposit, Inner Mongolia[J]. Acta Geoscientia Sinica, 1994, 15(S1): 85-94. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [31]
    YUAN Z X, BAI G, WU C Y, et al. Geological features and genesis of the Bayan Obo REE ore deposit, Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 1992, 7(5): 429-442. doi: 10.1016/0883-2927(92)90004-M
    [32]
    任英忱, 张英臣, 张宗清. 白云鄂博稀土超大型矿床的成矿时代及其主要地质热事件[J]. 地球学报, 1994(增刊1): 95-101.

    REN Y C, ZHANG Y C, ZHANG Z Q. Study on heat events of ore-forming Bayan Obo deposit[J]. Acta Geosicientia Sinica, 1994(S1): 95-101. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [33]
    曹荣龙, 朱寿华, 王俊文. 白云鄂博铁-稀土矿床的物质来源和成因理论问题[J]. 中国科学(B辑), 1994, 24(12): 1298-1307.

    CAO R L, ZHU S H, WANG J W. Origin and genesis of the Bayan Obo ore deposit, Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Science in China(Series B), 1994, 24(12): 2198-1307. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [34]
    杨岳衡, 孙金凤, 谢烈文, 等. 地质样品Nd同位素激光原位等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICPMS)测定[J]. 科学通报, 2008, 53(5): 568-576.

    YANG Y H, SUN J F, XIE L W, et al. In situ Nd isotopic measurement of natural geological materials by LA-MC-ICPMS[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2008, 53(5): 568-576. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [35]
    张宗清, 唐索寒, 王进辉, 等. 白云鄂博矿床白云岩Sm-Nd、Rb-Sr同位素体系[J]. 岩石学报, 2001, 17(4): 637-642.

    ZHANG Z Q, TANG S H, WANG J H, et al. The Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotopic systems of the dolomites in the Bayan Obo deposit, Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2001, 17(4): 637-642. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [36]
    张宗清, 唐索寒, 王进辉, 等. 白云鄂博矿床形成于不同时代的信息: 矿床西矿体的年龄和讨论[J]. 中国地质, 2003, 30(2): 130-137.

    ZHANG Z Q, TANG S H, WANG J H, et al. Information about ore deposit formation in different epochs: Age of the west orebodies of the Bayan Obo deposit with a discussion[J]. Geology in China, 2003, 30(2): 130-137. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [37]
    YANG K F, FAN H R, SANTOSH M, et al. Mesoproterozoic mafific and carbonatitic dykes from the northern margin of the North China Craton: Implications for the final breakup of Columbia supercontinent[J]. Tectonophysics, 2011, 498: 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2010.11.015
    [38]
    LI X C, YANG K F, SPANDLER C, et al. The effect of fluid-aided modification on the Sm-Nd and Th-Pb geochronology of monazite and bastnäsite: Implication for resolving complex isotopic age data in REE ore systems[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2021, 300: 1-24. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2021.02.028
    [39]
    裘愉卓, 秦朝建, 周国富, 等. 白云鄂博矿床年代学新资料[C]//佚名. 第九届全国矿床会议论文集, 出版地不详: 出版社不详, 2009: 477-479.

    QIU Y Z, QIN C J, ZHOU G F, et al. New geochronological data of Bayan Obo deposit[C]//Anon. Proceedings of the 9th National Conference on Mineral Deposits. [S. l. ]: [s. n. ], 2009: 477-479. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [40]
    CHEN W, LIU H Y, LU J, et al. The formation of the ore-bearing dolomite marble from the giant Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit, Inner Mongolia: Insights from micron-scale geochemical data[J]. Mineralium Deposit, 2020, 55: 131-146. doi: 10.1007/s00126-019-00886-4
    [41]
    张峰, 刘铁庚, 张凤祥. 裂变径迹研究白云鄂博主矿的成矿年龄[J]. 科学通报, 1996, 41(6): 532-534.

    ZHANG F, LIU T G, ZHANG F X. Age of the main ore section, Bayan Obo deposit: A fission track study[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1996, 41(6): 532-534. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [42]
    张峰, 刘铁庚, 张凤祥. 裂变径迹法研究白云鄂博东矿的成矿时代及热历史[J]. 自然科学进展, 1997, 7(2): 76-80.

    ZHANG F, LIU T G, ZHANG F X. Age and thermal history of the east ore section, Bayan Obo Deposit: A fission track study[J]. Progress in Natural Science, 1997, 7(2): 76-80. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [43]
    刘兰笙, 高翎, 杜安道, 等. 白云鄂博稀土矿床中辉钼矿的铼-锇同位素年龄[J]. 矿床地质, 1996, 15(2): 188-191.

    LIU L S, GAO L, DU A D, et al. The Re-Os isotopic age of molybdenite from the Bayan Obo REE ore deposits[J]. Mineral Deposits, 1996, 15(2): 188-191. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [44]
    LE BAS M J, YANG X M, TAYLOR R N, et al. New evidence from a calcite-dolomite carbonatite dyke for the magmatic origin of the massive Bayan Obo ore-bearing dolomite marble, Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Mineralogy and Petrology, 2007, 90: 223-248. doi: 10.1007/s00710-006-0177-x
    [45]
    范宏瑞, 陈福坤, 王凯怡, 等. 白云鄂博REE-Fe-Nb矿床碳酸岩墙锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义[J]. 岩石学报, 2002, 18(3): 363-368.

    FAN H R, CHEN F K, WANG K Y, et al. Zircon U-Pb age of a carbonatite dyke from Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit, Inner Mongolia and its geological significance[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2002, 18(3): 363-368. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [46]
    范宏瑞, 胡芳芳, 陈福坤, 等. 白云鄂博超大型REE-Nb-Fe矿区碳酸岩墙的侵位年龄: 兼答Le Bas博士的质疑[J]. 岩石学报, 2006, 22(2): 519-520.

    FAN H R, HU F F, CHEN F K, et al. Intrusive age of No. 1 carbonatite dyke from Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit, Inner Mongolia: With answers to comment of Dr. Le Bas[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2006, 22(2): 519-520. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [47]
    LAI X D, YANG X Y. U-Pb Ages and Hf isotope of zircons from a carbonatite dyke in the Bayan Obo Fe-REE deposit in Inner Mongolia: Its geological significance[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition), 2019, 93(6): 1783-1796. doi: 10.1111/1755-6724.14364
    [48]
    LIU Y L, WILLIAMS I S, CHEN J F, et al. The significance of Paleoproterozoic zircon in carbonatite dikes associated with the Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit[J]. American Journal of Science, 2008, 308(3): 379-397. doi: 10.2475/03.2008.08
    [49]
    LI Q L, LIU Y, TANG G Q, et al. Zircon Th-Pb dating by secondary ion mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2018, 33: 1536-1544. doi: 10.1039/C8JA00125A
    [50]
    刘玉龙, 陈江峰, 李惠民, 等. 白云鄂博矿田碳酸岩墙年代学再研究[J]. 地质论评, 2006, 52(3): 415-422.

    LIU Y L, CHEN J F, LI H M, et al. Geochronology of the carbonatite dykes in the Bayan Obo Orefield: Revisit[J]. Geological Review, 2006, 52(3): 415-422. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [51]
    ZHANG S H, ZHAO Y, LIU Y S. A precise zircon Th-Pb age of carbonatite sills from the world's largest Bayan Obo deposit: Implications for timing and genesis of REE-Nb mineralization[J]. Precambrian Research, 2017, 291: 202-219.
    [52]
    中国科学院地球化学研究. 白云鄂博矿床地球化学[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1988.

    Institute of Geochemistry. Chinese Academy of Sciences. The geochemical composition and mineralization regularity of Bayan Obo deposit, Inner Mongolia[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1988. (in Chinese)
    [53]
    HU F F, FAN H R, LIU S, et al. Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotopic dating of veined REE mineralization for the Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit, northern China[J]. Resource Geology, 2009, 59(4): 407-414.
    [54]
    LAI X D, YANG X Y, SANTOSH M, et al. New data of the Bayan Obo Fe-REE-Nb deposit, Inner Mongolia: Implications for ore genesis[J]. Precambrian Research, 2015, 263: 108-122.
    [55]
    翟明国. 华北克拉通的形成演化与成矿作用[J]. 矿床地质, 2010, 29(1): 24-36.

    ZHAI M G. Tectonic evolution and metallogenesis of North China Craton[J]. Mineral Deposits, 2010, 29(1): 24-36. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [56]
    公王斌, 胡健民, 李振宏, 等. 华北克拉通北缘裂谷渣尔泰群LA-ICP-MS碎屑锆石U-Pb测年及地质意义[J]. 岩石学报, 2016, 32(7): 2151-2165.

    GONG W B, HU J M, LI Z H, et al. Detrital zircon U-Pb dating of Zhaertai Group in the North Margin Rift Zone of North China Craton and its implications[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2016, 32(7): 2151-2165. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [57]
    张拴宏, 赵越, 刘建民, 等. 华北地块北缘晚古生代-早中生代岩浆活动期次、特征及构造背景[J]. 岩石矿物学杂志, 2010, 29(6): 824-842.

    ZHANG S H, ZHAO Y, LIU J M, et al. Geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic setting of the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic magmatism in the northern margin of the North China Block: A preliminary review[J]. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 2010, 29(6): 824-842. (in Chinese with English abstract)
    [58]
    李江涛, 何学锋, 杨鹏涛, 等. 新疆东天山博格达造山带西段基性侵入岩的U-Pb年代学、地球化学及其构造意义[J]. 地质科技情报, 2018, 37(1): 96-107.

    LI J T, HE X F, YANG P T, et al. U-Pb dating, geochemical and tectonic signficances of basic intrusive rocks from the west of Bogda Orogenic Belt, Eastern Xinjiang[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2018, 37(1): 96-107.
    [59]
    孙亮, 张林, 张海东. 内蒙古白云鄂博群地层岩石地球化学: 对浩尧尔忽洞金矿床层控机理研究[J]. 地质科技情报, 2018, 37(1): 7-15.

    SUN L, ZHANG L, ZHANG H D. Petrology, geochemistry and Pb isotope composition of Bayan Obo Group in Inner Mongolia: Constraints on the genesis of stratabound Haoyaoerhudong gold deposit[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2018, 37(1): 7-15. (in Chinese with English abstract)
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Article Metrics

    Article Views(401) PDF Downloads(86) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return