| Citation: | ZHANG Ju，JI Yuxuan，GUO Huirong，et al. Experimental on CO2 plugging effect and instability condition of hydrate in fracture of seafloor sediments[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology，2025，44（0）：1-9 doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20230651
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Seabed carbon dioxide (CO2) geological sequestration technology has become a hot spot in carbon sequestration and carbon neutralization. There are favorable space and temperature and pressure conditions for the formation of CO2 hydrate in the seabed sediments in the northern part of the South China Sea, and the formation of CO2 hydrate in the cracks and pores can block the further upward migration of CO2 and generate self-sealing capacity. However, the CO2 leakage in the fracture and the effect of hydrate plugging and instability conditions are still unclear.
In this paper, the visualization experiment platform of hydrate growth and the instability process of water injection supercharging at high pressure and low temperature was used to observe the formation of CO2 hydrate and experiment platform was used to simulate the conditions of seafloor sedimentary cover under the conditions of 2℃ and 3～4 MPa, and the hydrate instability condition and plugging effect were evaluated with the breakthrough pressure, breakthrough pressure difference, duration, permeability coefficient of initial instability stage and plugging rate as indicators.
The experimental results show that hydrate formation can be simplified into four processes: nucleation, expansion, forming and aggregation. Hydrate formed in cracks can efficiently block the migration of fluids such as water and CO2, but the instability phenomenon begins when the fluid pressure gradually increases and reaches the critical breakthrough pressure. The instability process of hydrate can be simplified into two parts: particle size degradation and surface friction failure. The core of hydrate mass is unstable first, and the sealing state can be maintained before the surface of hydrate fails to friction fracture. The instability conditions of hydrate in the fracture are investigated experimentally. The breakthrough pressure is 6.414～6.966 MPa and the breakthrough pressure difference is 2.403～3.203 MPa. The instability rate of hydrate is mainly affected by the flow rate, followed by the saturation of hydrate, and the flow rate affects the instability rate through the interface effect. The key factors determining the breakthrough pressure of hydrate are temperature and pressure conditions, while the effect of flow rate is mainly reflected in regulating the specific time when hydrate enters the instability state. Under the condition of 3～4 MPa seafloor sedimentary cover, the sealing rate is 99.0～99.6% and the permeability coefficient of initial instability stage is 0.555～1.260 md.
The experimental results provide a reference for the risk assessment of the overlying layer under similar conditions in the South China Sea for CO2 seabed geological sequestration. The difference between the pressure under the capped CO2 hydrate layer and the actual pressure on the seabed should be ensured to be less than 2 MPa to maintain the sealing effect of the hydrate.
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