CSCD来源期刊

北大中文核心期刊

中国科技核心期刊

地学领域高质量科技期刊分级T2区（2023）

世界期刊影响力指数报告Q1区（2023）

2015 Vol. 34, No. 6

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Linking the Cryogenian Manganese Metallogenic Process in the Southeast Margin of Yangtze Block to Break-up of Rodinia Supercontinent and Sturtian Glaciation
Du Yuansheng, Zhou Qi, Yu Wenchao, Wang Ping, Yuan Liangjun, Qi Jing, Guo Hua, Xu Yuan
2015, 34(6): 1-7.
Abstract PDF icon238 icon32
Abstract:
The metallogenic process of Cryogenian Datangpo-type manganese deposit in the southeast margin of Yangtze Block is closely related to the development of Nanhua Rift Basin and Sturtian glaciations interglaciation.Accompanying with the break-up of Rodinia supercontinent,the Nanhua Rift Basin distributed in NEE trend,it can be divided into graben and horst and each graben can be further divided into subgraben and subhorst.The manganese deposit formed in the subgrabens within the graben area.After the Sturtian glaciation,cold events disturbed the warming process and both cold and oxidized freshwater came from the melted glacier.Cold and oxidized seawater generated from cold events could lead to the oxidation of the bottom water in the basin.Dissolved Mn2+ in the bottom water was then oxidized to Mn oxides and hydroxides and precipitated into the sediments.In early diagenesis stage,the organic materials reacted with Mn oxides and hydroxides and formed rhodochrosite.We suggest that methane leaking in post-glaciation accelerated this metallogenic process.The Mn metallogenic process in the Southeast margin of Yangtze Block is controlled by the original rift basin structure and paleoclimatic fluctuations in Sturtian glaciation and post-glaciation.
Geological Characteristics and Prospecting Prediction of Xixibao Super-large Manganese Deposit in Songtao,Eastern Guizhou
Zhang Sui, Zhou Qi, Zhang Pingyi, Shen Hongqian, Du Yuansheng
2015, 34(6): 8-16.
Abstract PDF icon148 icon25
Abstract:
Xixibao manganese deposit in Songtao is another concealed super-large manganese deposit which was found by the theory of ancient natural gas seepage sedimentary-type manganese ore-forming and exploration model in recent years.The orebody occurs as quasi-lamellar and stratiform structure,with huge thickness and extension scale.The prismatic comparison of manganese-bearing strata of Liangjiehe Formation in Xixibao manganese mining area and the sedimentary thickness isogram of manganese-bearing rock,together with the study of rhodochrosite orebody and Datangpo Formation,reveals that the long axis of Xixibao graben basin which controlled the formation and distribution of super-large manganese deposit is 60 degrees NE but not in the strike direction of NE at 30 degrees.The characteristics of center phase,transition phase,marginal facies and other ancient natural gas seepage eruption sedimentary microfacies are clear,with two seepage eruption sedimentary centers.With big exploration potential,Xixibao graben basin is a new super-large manganese deposit of world class and is predicted to possess the total manganese resources twice as much as its present controlled manganese resources.
Spatial and Temporal Variation and Mineralization Model of the Sinian Phosphorus-bearing Sequences in Central Guizhou Province
Chen Guoyong, Du Yuansheng, Zhang Yaguan, Chen Qinggang, Fan Yumei, Wang Zepeng, Tan Hua
2015, 34(6): 17-25.
Abstract PDF icon191 icon18
Abstract:
The phosphorus accumulation basin in central Guizhou province was developed on the basis of sedimentary basement of Nantuo Formation.During the transgression period of early Doushantuo Formation,the phosphate bearing upwelling from eastern deep ocean flooded into the semi-closed bays of central Guizhou in Fuquan,Weng'an,Kaiyang and Wenquan,where collophane synchronous was deposited.After that the central Guizhou old land uplifted rapidly and the original semi-closed bays transformed into highbeach.The previous cellophane layer was broken and leached by turbulent waves and ultimate formed sand-sized phosphorite ore bed.The disconformable contact between phosphorite deposits and overlying or underlying strata in Kaiyang indicated that the phosphorite ore beds suffered exposure and leaching.As the southeastern area of central Guizhou old land was outer continental shelf,the phosphorus was difficult to assemble in seawater and only thin and poor grade phosphorite ore bed was deposited in the area.During Dengying period to Early Cambrian,most areas of Guizhou turned into open shallow marine facies,but areas like Zhijin which was located in western of central Guizhou old land was relatively deep sea lagoon facies,the phosphate bearing upwelling flooded into these areas and formed low grade phosphorite ore bed.Based on the temporal and spatial variation analysis of sedimentary facies and the contact relation of layers in the Sinian phosphorus-bearing sequences,the authors proposed a mineralization model which explains the phosphogenesis event in central Guizhou.
Identification and Application of Audio Magnetotellurics to the Deep Buried Structure:A Case Study of Lijiawan Manganese Deposit at Songtao County in Guizhou Province
Yang Bingnan, Zhou Qi, Du Yuansheng, Hu Xiangyun, Xie Xiaofeng, Shen Xiaoqing, Zhu Dawei, Wang Jiajun
2015, 34(6): 26-32.
Abstract PDF icon125 icon27
Abstract:
Songtao manganese mine integrated exploration zone belongs to a part of the national integrated exploration area.Facing the present situation of difficulty in deep prospecting,the buried structure identification for second space(depth from 500 to 2000meters)is very important.For the study of preservation conditions of current manganese deposit,it is necessary to recognize the deep buried structure by AMT.In this paper,with the physical properties in this area as the foundation,combined with 'Datangpo type' manganese deposit model,we established the initial geoelectric forwarding model,and then,calculated the forward computation curves of TE and TM mode.By contrast,we found that the TM mode outperforms the TE mode in the vertical resolution.Also we compared the response characteristics of the two curves in the hanging walls and footwalls of the fault.Through the different inversions of real data in Lijiawan manganese deposit,it can better reflect the morphology when NLCG-TE inversion,whose initial model is Occam-TE data measure the geoelectric section.Finally,the electric profile analysis of the structural characteristics provides geophysical evidence for the identification of deep buried structure and the extent of damage about a series of strata with manganese,also offers reference for deployment of deep exploration.
Characteristics of Listric Normal Fault and Its Role in Prospecting Prediction:An Example from Xixibao Large Manganese Deposit,Songtao County,East of Guizhou Province
Xie Xiaofeng, Yang Kunguang, Zhou Qi, Du Yuansheng, Wang Jiawu, Jiang Tianrui, Yang Bingnan
2015, 34(6): 33-39.
Abstract PDF icon150 icon16
Abstract:
Listric normal fault is formed under the system of local or regional tensile stress,produced in the stretch of resilient rock bottom under the system of brittle rocks.Listric normal fault in the plane is bent and secondary faults on both sides of the fault are featured by branch compound.In profile,with depth increase,the fault dip angle becomes gentle gradually and fault distance grows progressively,forming secondary faults with steep branch occurrence.F1 fault developed in Xixibao large manganese deposit,Songtao in eastern Guizhou is a listric normal fault,whose stretching time should be consistent with the time of the transfer of early Cretaceous regional compression tectonic system to extension tectonic system.The entire F1 fault and its branch fault causes the manganese-bearing rock series to fall and stetch in ladder shape,leading to the disconinuity of the mangnese-bearing series.The deeper the fault,the gentler the fault detachment plane and the wider the pulling zone.The fault and its secondary fault break the manganese-bearing rock series and cut it into several parts,affecting the continuity of the manganese-bearing rock series and forming a spatial association of ore body-empty band pulling-ore body.The falling of the upper wall of F1 fault deepens the burial of the mangnese-bearing upper wall.Hence,we should take full account of the fault distance and scale rationally the empty belt in mineral prediction so as to prevent the exploration from drilling into the empty belt.
Manganese Ore Phase and Distribution of Nanhua Datangpo Formation in Datangpo Area,Songtao,East Guizhou
Liu Yu, Zhou Qi, Yuan Liangjun, Pan Wen, Zhang Sui, Yu Wenchao, Wang Ping, Xu Yuan, Hong Wanhua
2015, 34(6): 40-46.
Abstract PDF icon141 icon27
Abstract:
This paper discusses the manganese ore facies and its distribution in Datangpo mine on the basis of substantial detailed drilling catalogs and observations of stratigraphic sections and the Datangpo type manganese researches in recent years.The study of the manganese rock series thickness,the rhodochrosite ore deposit thinckness and the rhodochrosite ore grade reveals that the distribution ore bodies is the same with the long axis of the sedimentary basin,about NE 60 degrees.There are three seepage eruption sedimentary centers,one bigger and the other two smaller.The analysis of the characteristics of the texture and structure of the ore in the center of the basin in Datangpo area suggests that the ore can be divided three phases:the center phase,the transition phase and the edge phase.The center phase is mainly the bubble and massive rhodochrosite along the special structure with a soft sedimentary deformation beddings and is generally multi-mine.The transition phase is mainly banded rhodochrosite with a few massive rhodochrosite,primarily for the single mine.The edge phase is mainly interbedded with the thin banded manganese ore and carbonaceous shale.The phase distribution is controlled by the ancient gas leakage,the location of distribution of the mouth eruption.Substantially coincides with the manganese depocentres.From the center phase to the marginal phases and to the transition phase,the thinckness of the manganese bearing rock series and the ore body and ore grade gradually reduce.The thinckness of the manganese bearing rock series and the ore body and ore grade variation of a positive correlation.
Paleoclimate Evolution of the Cryogenian Tiesi′ao FormationDatangpo Formation in Eastern Guizhou Province:Evidence from the Chemical Index of Alteration
Qi Jing, Yu Wenchao, Du Yuansheng, Zhou Qi, Guo Hua, Wang Jiawu, Wang Ping, Xu Yuan
2015, 34(6): 47-57.
Abstract PDF icon136 icon20
Abstract:
Presently two episodes of global glacial events could be distinguished in Neoproterozoic,when dramatic changes in climate happened globally.Two formations of strata distributed in Nanhua System(Cryogenian)around eastern Guizhou Province with typical characteristics of glacial sediments.The lower named Tiesi'ao Formation and the upper named Nantuo Formation correspond with Sturtian glaciation in 720 Ma and Marinoan glaciation in 650 Ma respectively,and the strata between the two formations are of Datangpo Formation representing deposition during the interglaciation.This paper discusses paleoclimate evolution during the late Sturtian glacial period to interglacial period with the main elements dated from samples in Tiesi'ao Formation-Datangpo Formation,Songtao county and Tongren city,combined with evidence from chemistry and petrology.This illustrates that transient glacial events occurred following the end of Sturtian age.From bottom to top,the chemical index of alteration(CIA)raises from 51 in late Tiesi'ao period to 60 in early Datangpo period.However,the shape of curve drawn with date from 52 to 68is not linear but a serrated upward trend,showing the occurrence of ephemeral glacial event.The average value of CIA from Carbonaceous shales in upper Datangpo Formation and silty shales in middle,lower Datangpo Formation are 66 and 67,both supporting a stable warm condition.However,the mean of CIA decreases suddenly at the top of the latter which may due to the beginning of the Marinoan glaciation.On the other hand,it is further confirmed with evaluations on stability of sedimentary condition and composition of source rocks by A-CN-K triangle graph that the instability of climate follows the Sturtian glaciation and the stability of warm climate during the interglaciation.Thus,the fluctuations of glaciation-interglaciation paleoclimate evolution may be related to "Datangpo" type manganese mineralization.
Development and Formation Mechanism of Cenozoic Tectonics in the East Area of Liaodong Bay Depression
Li Wei, Ren Jian, Liu Yiming, Li Chunrui
2015, 34(6): 58-64.
Abstract PDF icon173 icon22
Abstract:
Based on three dimensional seismic reflection data,this paper described the plane and section characteristics of Cenozoic fault system in the eastern area of Liaodong Bay Depression and analysed the structure styles reflected from the fault system.The paper discussed the evolution and development mechanism of tectonics combined with regional geodynamic setting.The results indicate that the structures in Paleocene and Eocene mainly consist of the extensional NNE trending faults and the structure styles in Oligocene have obvious strike-slip effect.The vicinity of main faults has significant stress-increasing area and stress-decreasing area resulted from strike-slip,and the flower-liking structure and " Y"-type structure style can be observed in the seismic profiles.The secondary faults are presented as NEE trending en-echelon structure style.In Neogene,the fault system is still manifested as en-echelon faults,while conjugate shear fracture and antiform-negative flower structure style appear in this period.The development and evolution of the structure reflects the superimposition and transformation between extension tectonic system and strike-slip tectonic system in Cenozoic.The evolutionary stages of the eastern Liaodong Bay Depression can be divided into the weak strike-slip-strong extension period(Paleocene-Eocene),the weak extension-strong strike-slip period(Oligocene)and the weak compression-weak strike-slip period(Neogene).
Formation Mechanism of Coal Source Rocks and Quartz Overgrowths:An Example of Shanxi Formation in Eastern Ordos Basin
Li Yanxia, Zhang Hua, Tian Yufeng
2015, 34(6): 65-69.
Abstract PDF icon192 icon12
Abstract:
Based on the thermal simulation of organic acid,rock section and cathodeluminescence,we analysed the relationship between the coal source rocks and the quartz overgrowths in the coal source rock of Shanxi Formation of the eastern Ordos Basin.The research results indicate that the Ⅲ-kerogen from oxygenic clusters collapsing can produce more organic acids in the thermal simulation.While in the acidic pore environment,the experiment of rock section and cathodeluminescence shows that a large amount of organic acid dissolved unstable minerals such as volcanic debris and feldspar from quartz sandstone and debris quartz sandstone and new SiO2 that occurred in precipitation provided the source of quartz overgrowths.Accordingly,the existence of organic acid can cause quartz overgrowths and finally tight sandstone formed.
Geochemical Characteristics of Granite in the Xiaopingba Deposit of Wenshan,Yunnan Province and Its Implications for Petrogenesis
Zhao Xiankun, Li Feng, Jian Runtang
2015, 34(6): 70-78.
Abstract PDF icon119 icon17
Abstract:
Xiaopingba contact metasomatic scheelite skarn deposit is located in the eastern margin of Bozhushan granite,southeastern Yunnan province.The orebodies are mainly produced in the contacts between medium grained biotite monzogranite of the first intrusion and Cambrian carbonatite.Major trace and rare element analysis of the granite shows that its SiO2 contents range from 67.69%-76.98%(average 70.96%),the average total alkaline contents,K2O/Na2 O,A/CNK and Rittmann index are 8.06%,2.04,1.03,and 2.36 respectively.The rockbody is characterized by highly-enriched kalium cale-alkaline and belongs to peraluminous granite.The trace elements are characterized by enrichment of large-ion lithophile elements such as Rb,Pb,Th,U,La and Zr depletion of high field strength element and incompatible elements such as Nb,Ta,Sr,Ba,Ti.It has high total rare earths(average 288.01×10-6),medium strong negative Eu anomalies(δEu=0.36-0.69,average 0.57) and the right-declining of rare earth elements distribution patterns.CaO/Na2O vs Al2O3/TiO2 and Rb/Ba vs Rb/Sr all indicate the granite originated from the magma formed by argillite rocks.Its geochemical characteristics imply that the Xiaopingba granite is mainly derived in the crust,and experienced a crystal process.Hence,it belongs to the S-type granite and should be formed in a continental collision tectonic setting.
Natural Gamma-Ray Anomaly and Environmental Implication in Late Changhsingian,Wolonghe Area,Eastern Sichuan Basin
Du Xiang, Zhang Tingshan, Yang Wei
2015, 34(6): 79-85.
Abstract PDF icon135 icon8
Abstract:
The present study shows that deep water environment's hypoxia group diffusing to shallow water environment is the most important reason for the biological crisis at the end of Permian.However,there is still a considerable controversy on its mechanism.Eastern Sichuan Basin is mainly platform environment in Changhsingian,Late Permian.Based on the correlation of the continuous deposition of well profiles of Wolonghe structure in the study area,we find that the natural gamma-ray value of the carbonate formation became anomaly positive excursion before the end of the Permian extinction boundaries.Natural gammaray can reflect the variation of uranium content,when the content of argillaceous,thorium and potassium is low in carbonate formation,indicating the redox conditions of sea water.The platform environment in the study area shows different degrees of hypoxia effect in Late Changhsingian,which continues to develop until the coming of the biological extinction.The natural gamma-ray value in the study area recorded oxidation-reduction process of sea water in Late Changhsingian,and also witnessed the instability of the environment in major geological transitions period.
Discovery of Cool-Water Deep-Water Facies Invertebrates of the Latest Permian from Youjiang Basin,South China and the Geological Significance
Chen Bin, Yang Tinglu, Wu Huiting, Chen Bing
2015, 34(6): 86-91.
Abstract PDF icon188 icon10
Abstract:
This paper systematically studied the global distribution of the latest Permian brachiopods and ostracods found in the Youjiang Basin and the palaeoecological feature of other invertebrates and some differences have been recognized between the faunas from Youjiang Basin and Yangtze Basin.Brachiopods and ostracods from Youjiang Basin include abundant cool-water/palaeopsychrospheric elements,characterized by the cool-water and warm-water mixed faunas.Other invertebrates are partly characterized by pelagic elements(radiolarians)or endemic elements(bivalves).These facts indicate that the Youjiang Basin was typical of bathyal to abyssal setting and linked to the Palaeotethys Ocean.
Types of Storm Deposit Sequence of Carbonates and Characteristics of Trace Fossils in Zhangxia Formation of 3rd Epoch of Carbonates in Longmen,Luoyang Region
Zheng Wei, Sun Zhangyan, Bai Wanbei, Qi Yongan, Yao Qian, Wang Min, Li Da
2015, 34(6): 92-99.
Abstract PDF icon138 icon15
Abstract:
There are very successive outcrops of Zhangxia Formation carbonates of the 3rd Epoch of Cambrian in Longmen,Luoyang of Henan Province,where a mass of storm deposits are well developed with ideal sections for the study of storm deposit in carbonates.This paper studies in detail six kinds of typical sedimentary structures in storm deposits and divides the storm deposit rock into five kinds of sequences so as to provide typical marks to rebuild its palaeoenvironment.According to the detailed observations and research on the trace fossils,the storm deposits are divided into three sequences with six trace fossils recognized.On the basis of above,the paper summarizes the distribution mode of trace fossils in storm deposits and analyses the change law of sedimentary environments.
Geological and Geochemical Prospecting Model of the Dachang Gold Deposit,Qinghai Province
Zhai Yulin, Wei Junhao, Li Yanjun, Wang Faming, Li Peng, Wang Wen, Li Xiang, Ke Kunjia
2015, 34(6): 100-107.
Abstract PDF icon160 icon22
Abstract:
The Dachang gold deposit is located in the west of the north Bayan Har Orogen.The main orebearing strata is the Triassic Bayan Har Mountain Group,consisting of sandstone,siltite and carbonaceous slate.Orebodies are controlled strictly by the NW thrust faults,and commonly outcropped along NWW structural fracture in strips and lenses.They are characterized by wave-shaped bending and branchingcomplexing.In the plane,they are left-lateral right-step,however dextral left-step in the vertical,with a lateral trending of SE.Ore-related hydrothermal alteration is well developed and dominated by silicification,pyrite and arsenopyrite mineralization with a banded alteration zonation.The ore-forming process can be divided into four stages:barren mineralized quartz stage,gold-sulfide-quartz stage,gold-stibnite-quartz stage and quartz-carbonate stage.In addition,the results of soil geochemical survey for Au,As and Sb show the anomalies are obvious and have a prominent concentration center.The zonal anomalies are mainly coincident with the distribution of the orebodies.On the section,the peaks of content variation trend can also have a good correspondence to the orebodies.Combined with geological and soil geochemical characteristics of the Dachang gold deposit,the authors propose a prospecting model.According to the test,the model can provide the important reference in search of new orebodies for the prospecting work of the tectonic altered rock type gold deposit in Dachang,a national level equipped exploration district.
Pore Structure Characteristics in the Organic-Rich Shale of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Southeast Sichuan Basin
Xu Yong, Lü Chengfu, Chen Guojun, Yang Wei, Zhong Jiaai, Xue Lianhua, Shen Huailei
2015, 34(6): 108-115.
Abstract PDF icon149 icon17
Abstract:
The pore structure of shales plays an important role in the evalution of shale gas resources,exploration and development.High mercury injection,low pressure liquid nitrogen adsorption and air-ion mill-field-emission environmental scanning electron microscope were conducted to investigate the characterization of microscopic pore structures of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale,and analyse the factors development of micro-pores.Research shows the shale is of relatively high threshold pressure,poor-sorting pore throats,and low efficiency of mercury withdrawal,indicating that the pore-throat are heterogenous.The shale of specific surface area ranges from 12.330 to 29.822m2/g,with a mean of 20.132m2/g,while the distribution of pore volume is between 0.015 9and 0.094 7cm3/g,with an average mean of 0.044 5cm3/g.The average pore diameter ranges from 3.484 to 12.473 nm,with a mean value of 7.400 nm.The mesopores are main pores,while some micro-and macro-pores also exist.The main pore morphology is ink-bottle and silt pores.Pores in shales are divided into six types:organic pores,residual pores,secondary dissolution pores,pyrite inter-crystalline pores,clay minerals inter-crystalline pores,micro-fractures.The diameters of residual pores and secondary dissolution pores can reach micron level.The development of micro-pore is influenced by different degree of organic content,quartz content,clay minerals,thermal maturity.Specific surface area and pore volume increases with the increase of content of organic carbon,quartz.With the increasing content of clay mineral,specific surface area and pore volume showed a trend of decrease.Appropriate degree of thermal evolution is one of the important factors affecting the nanoscale pore development.
Development Characteristics and Evolution of the Cambrian Sedimentary System in Tazhong and Gucheng Area,Tarim Basin
Wang Kun, Liu Wei, Huang Qingyu, Shi Shuyuan, Ma Kui, Liang Dongxing
2015, 34(6): 116-124.
Abstract PDF icon133 icon17
Abstract:
The hydrocarbon exploration in Tazhong and Gucheng area in Tarim Basin has made great breakthroughs,but the identification of sedimentary system is still based on the mapping of lithofacies and paleogeography on basin scale,lacking the detailed regional research with the constraints of multiple data.Petrological analysis was used to recover the precursor limestone of the Cambrian in Tazhong and Gucheng area.The lower and middle Cambrian in Tazhong area is dominated by mudstone,wackestone and gypsum-bearing wackestone,while the upper Cambrian mainly developed grainstone and wackestone;and the Cambrian in Gucheng area is dominated by wackestone,packstone and grainstone.The reconstruction of the paleo-environment of the Cambrian in Tazhong and Gucheng area by geochemical analysis shows that the sea water was deepening and the salinity and evaporation was decreasing during the deposition of Cambrian.With the guidance of carbonate comprehensive facies model of Wilson,this area has been divided respectively into 3facies,4subfacies and 6mircrofacies.Based on the interpretation of 3Dseismic data,the development and evolution of the reef-beach bodies of platform margin in Gucheng area was described,showing that the reef-beach bodies of four stages migrated towards the basin in progadation.In stagesⅠandⅡreef-beach bodies developed during the transgression process while in stages Ⅲ and Ⅳ reef-beach bodies developed during the regression process,presenting progradation sedimentary style.The migration characteristics analysis of reef-beach bodies and the development character of inner platform deposits show that the reef-beach bodies of Gucheng platform margin had great influence on the inner platform environment.The quick deposition of carbonate in platform margin resulted in the enclosing of inner platform water and the deposition of gypsum-bearing carbonate rocks.The deposits in inner platform and platform margin have good correspondence.
Reservoir Connectivity in the Lulehe Formation of the Qie-6 Block of Kunbei Oilfield
Guo Jianhong, Mou Zhonghai, Wei Chengzhang, Li Xiaoru, Li Pengzhen, Ding Yang, Chen Yuan, Su Qiu, Xu Le, Zhao Wenkai, Jia Fengjuan
2015, 34(6): 125-130.
Abstract PDF icon132 icon10
Abstract:
Based on logging,reservoir physical property,the permeability attribute of 3Dgeological model and injection-production data,this paper studied the reservoir connectivity in the Lulehe Formation of Qie-6block of Kunbei Oilfield from three aspects-logging curve characteristics of reservoir,features of reservoir architecture and injection-production information.The result shows that:Logging curves are boxshaped between the two wells and represent good reservoir connectivity between the two wells;while the finger-shaped logging curves represent the connectivity is changeable;bell-shaped representing the connectivity underside of the reservoir is good and the upper is poor;funnel-shaped representing the upper is good and the underside is poor.The tooth-shaped logging curves represent poor connectivity and when different electrical characteristics are found between the two wells,reservoir connectivity is poor,but when natural potential negative anomally is obviously and natural gamma is low,the curve is smoother,and the connectivity is better.Underwater distributary channel and mouth bar single architecture element have better connectivity,while sheet sand architecture element connectivity is either good or poor,and other architecture element is poor;underwater distributary channel and mouth bar,underwater distributary channel and sheet sand composite architecture element is good,other composites are poor;aggradation-stacked is good,other types are poor.Liquids production up the greater,reservoir connectivity is better between injection and production wells.
Characteristics of Source Rocks and Exploration Potential in Bodong Sag,Bohai Sea Area
Li Hongyi, Liu Lifang, Wu Keqiang, Du Hongyu, Lin Qing
2015, 34(6): 131-135.
Abstract PDF icon155 icon9
Abstract:
The exploration of oil and gas in Bodong Sag has come to a low stage because no breakthroughs have been achived in recent years.The unclear main hydrocarbon source rocks restrain the oil exploration in Bodong Sag.Based on interpretation of seismic profiles and plotting of basic pictures,geochemical parameters,the distribution characteristics and formation environment of hydrocarbon source rocks in Bodong Sag were analyzed.The main hydrocarbon source rocks and exploration potential of Bodong Sag were illustrated by basin simulation and oil-source correlation analysis results.The study shows that there are four sets of source rocks in Bodong Sag including Ed3,Es1,Es3 and Es4.Es3 source rocks,with best organic matter type and higher organic matter abundance,are the main hydrocarbon source rocks of Bodong Sag,while the hydrocarbon generation of Es3 source rocks accounts for 61% of the total hydrocarbon amount.The oil of PL9-1Oilfield mainly migrated from Bodong Sag,indicating the large exploration potential of Bodong Sag.The result of oil-source correlation shows that 75% of the oil of PL9-1Oilfield was derived from Es3 source rocks,so the exploration in Bodong Sag should focus the oil and gas mainly produced by Es3 source rocks.
Enrichment Characteristics of Organic Matter of Shale Series in He-3 Member of Paleogene Hetaoyuan Formation,Biyang Depression
Shang Fei, Liu Zhengjun, Jie Xinong, Chen Hui, Huang Yahao
2015, 34(6): 136-141.
Abstract PDF icon184 icon9
Abstract:
The shales in He-3Member of Paleogene Hetaoyuan Formation in the Biyang Depression mainly consists of hydrocarbon source rocks,and can be divided into five organic-matter-rich intervals(ORIs),where organic matter(OM)is distributed regularly in the sequence stratigraphic framework.The present work addresses the distribution of major elements,trace elements and biomarker parameters of shales from5 th and 3rd ORIs for discussion of the relationships between the enrichment of organic matter and the changes of climate,salinity,redox condition,productivity,and identification of the mechanism of OM accumulation in the sequence stratigraphic framework.The results show that OM of 5th and 3rd ORI is mainly enriched in the middle and lower of expanding system tract,and near the maximum flooding surface,respectively.The total organic carbon content(TOC)varied widely and frequently in periphery of deep depression due to dilution of organic matter by turbidity flow,and had a slight change in the center of the deepest sag.The linear relationship between TOC and paleoredox coefficient of V/Cr and Pr/Ph is observed in 5th and 3rd ORI.TOC in the 3rd ORI shows a positive correlation well with the paleoproductivity coefficient of Cu and Ni contents.The evidence indicates that stratified water column with high salinity and anoxic conditions under arid climate enhanced OM storage in 5th ORI,and the conjunction of high productivity following phytoplankton bloom coupled with oxygen-depleted bottom water in the relatively deep basin are favorable for OM preservation and accumulation in 3rd ORI.
Experimental Study on Water Injection Response Differences Between Oil and Non-Oil Formations of Chang-8 Tight Oil Reservoir of Xifeng Oilfield
Gao Yongli
2015, 34(6): 142-146.
Abstract PDF icon146 icon7
Abstract:
Chang-8reservoir of Xifeng Oilfield is characterized with thick oil formations interbedded with many dry layers and water layers,but it is difficult to perforate individual layers separately and so in reality all layers are perforated all together and commingled water injection.To understand the differences in water injection profiles among the oil layers,water layers and dry layers,30 cores were selected to conduct the parallel commingled waterflood flow experiments.The results show that when the oil and water layers have similar permeability and the waterflood injection pressure is low,water first produced is from the water layer and later from both the water layer and the oil layer.For the commingled waterflood of the oil layer and dry layer,when permeability of the oil layer is larger than that of the dry layer,water first produced is from the oil layer and the majority of the produced water remains to be from the oil layer even after water breaks-through from the dry layer.For the commingled waterflood of the oil/water/dry layers,when koil=kwater>kdry,water first produced is from the water layer and later from the dry layer and the oil layer.When koil>kwater>kdry and the injection pressure is low,first produced water comes from both the oil layer and the water layer,and later the dry layer.These results are important for understanding waterflood sweep mechanisms and the remaining oil distribution under the conditions of commingled injection for the oil/water/dry layers,and they can be utilized to guide the development strategy of tight oil reservoirs with interbedded layers.
Tectonic Evolution and Hydrocarbon Pooling Patterns Analysis in East Africa Continental Margin
Yu Xuan, Hou Guiting, Dai Shuanghe, Han Yuchun, Xie Jielai
2015, 34(6): 147-154,158.
Abstract PDF icon230 icon13
Abstract:
In recent years,East Africa continental margin where many large gas fields are discovered has become an emerging focus in the international energy exploration.East Africa contains huge potential of oil and gas resources,but the exploration and research degree is low.On the basis of regional geological and petroleum geology data,and the analysis of the evolution process and the hydrocarbon accumulation elements(source rocks,assemblage of reservoir and seal,trap types)of the East Africa continental margin,the hydrocarbon pooling patterns and the prospect of hydrocarbon exploration has been discussed.Research suggests that the East Africa continental margin has experienced four tectonic evolution stages.The passive continental margin sequences overlay the rift sequences,forming the double layer structure of the basins.The major hydrocarbon source rocks formed in the Karoo rift period,while the key reservoir formed in the passive continental margin stage.In areas of large delta development,hydrocarbon preservation conditions are the best,dominated by strctural and structural-stratigraphic trapping.Hydrocarbon accumulation patterns are controlled by the phases of tectonic evolution and horizontal segment of tectonic deformation as well as the configuration of hydrocarbon accumulation elements.
Experimental Study on the Stress Sensitivity in Different Permeability Reservoirs
Dong Lifei, Yue Xiangan, Xu Xing, Su Qun, Song Weixin
2015, 34(6): 155-158.
Abstract PDF icon175 icon13
Abstract:
In order to study the stress sensitivity in different permeability reservoirs,the reservoir characteristics are considered,and the fractured cores with the matrix permeability of 18.876×10 -3μm2,234.247×10-3 μm2 and 540.12×10-3 μm2 are made by the Brazilian test.The permeability of these homogeneous cores and fractured cores are tested at different effective pressures.The influence of fracture on the reservoir stress sensitivity is studied by the characterization parameter of permeability retention ratio.The stress sensitivity in low permeability reservoir and high permeability reservoir is compared.The results show that the fractures can enlarge the stress sensitivity of reservoirs.The stress sensitivity of reservoir is influenced by the closure degree of fractures,and the stress sensitivity is strong in low effective pressures because the fracture is not compacted completely,while the stress sensitivity is weak after the effective pressures beyond to a limitation as the fracture is closed totally.With the increasing permeability,the stress sensitivity of fractured reservoir improves evidently while the stress sensitivity of homogeneous reservoir remains stable.From the actual reservoir properties,the fractures always develop in the low permeability reservoir and few exist in the high permeability reservoir,so the stress sensitivity in low permeability reservoir is stronger than that in high permeability reservoir.
Coupling Relationship Between Oil＆Gas Accumulation Process and Reservoir Bitumen of Marine System:Taking Sichuan Basin as An Example
Huang Wenming, Xu Qiukang, Liu Shugen, Ceng Dongfang, Zheng Rongcai, Ma Wenxin
2015, 34(6): 159-168.
Abstract PDF icon129 icon9
Abstract:
Ordos,Tarim and Sichuan basins are the import marine basins with abundant paleo oil reservoirs.The reservoir bitumen in paleo oil reservoirs is the intermediate product of buildup and reconstruction of the oil &gas accumulation process.Based on the classification of oil &gas accumulation of marine system in Sichuan Basin,the shape of carbonate reservoir bitumen has been analyzed in detail,and relationship between reservoir bitumen shape and oil & gas accumulation process has been obtained.Shale,tight sand and carbonate are in a wide range,and coupling relationship between gas and paleo oil reservoirs is very complex.In a word,primary and secondary oil-cracking gas in mainshale gas,and tight gas in minor composite accumulation system is the basic characteristic of marine system in Sichuan Basin.The characteristics of bitumen can reveal the paleo oil pools and gas reservoir accumulation and adjustment process.
Geochemical Genesis of High-Fluoride Groundwater:A Case Study in the Import Region of the Dongshan Water Transfer Project,Shanxi Province
Deng Anli, Wang Mindai, Wang Shuai, Guo Qinghai
2015, 34(6): 169-175.
Abstract PDF icon168 icon14
Abstract:
The distribution of high-fluoride groundwaters in the import region of the Dongshan water transfer project was investigated.Regional hydrogeochemical survey indicates that the high-fluoride groundwaters are characterized with slightly alkaline pH values as well as high concentrations of HCO-3 and Na+,thus their hydrochemical types being predominantly HCO3-Na.The major processes responsible for the formation of high-fluoride groundwaters in the study area include dissolution of fluoride-bearing minerals and ion exchange between OH- in groundwater and F- in mica minerals.In addition,the evaporation in the discharge area and the discharge of industrial wastewaters containing fluoride may also have non-negligible effects on the occurrence of high-fluoride groundwaters.
Deep Geothermal Structures of Potential Hot Dry Rock Resources Area in China
Ma Feng, Lin Wenjing, Lang Xujuan, Zhu Xi, Wang Guiling
2015, 34(6): 176-181.
Abstract PDF icon119 icon10
Abstract:
Hot dry rock as a new kind of alternative resources which can be developed based on the establishment of enhanced geothermal system(EGS)has been confirmed to be tremendous in total amount.The demonstration project is urgent both for our forefront and basic work.As in all of the other EGS projects,geothermal reservoir temperature should be considered before any other factors.The three dimensional temperature models were established in target demonstration area based on the new terrestrial heat flow and depth of Curie interface map.The result shows at the depth of 4km,165℃ can be reached in the southeast coast of China and 380℃ could be reached at the same depth in the area nearby Qinghai-Tibet Railway.The simulation results and measured data were compared to illustrate the different heat formation mechanisms of the two areas.Zhangzhou in the southeast coast of China presents the major crust heat production with the thickness of radioactive concentration layer reaching 10 km,and mantle heat occupying 39.6%in the total heat flow.In contrast,Yangbajing which lies nearby the Qinghai-Tibet Railway shows more mantle heat flow which could occupy 53.7%in the whole heat flow with the thickness of radioactive concentration layer reaching 6km.The result of the model has a higher consistency with the historical testing and so the data could be used as the reference of EGS project site selection.
Features of Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes and the Make-up Source for Geothermal Water in East Shandong Geothermal Area
Tian Yu
2015, 34(6): 182-185.
Abstract PDF icon194 icon28
Abstract:
This paper analyzes the features of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes 2H,18O and 3H in geothermal water from hot spring and geothermal well based on sampling and testing.The study identifies the makeup source of geothermal water in east Shandong Province by isotope geochemistry method.Combining the elevation effect,the paper selects the area with relatively high hills as the area to be made-up.In addition,the paper uses 3H testing data and the result of J.FT.experience-based estimation and constructs the relation between δ18O and latitude to determine the make-up source for geothermal water in east Shandong Province-meteoric water.The results show that the make-up of geothermal water is the rainfall.
Chaotic Characteristics Identification and Prediction Using PSO-LSSVM Model of Reservoir Landslide Groundwater Level Time Series
Huang Faming, Yin Kunlong, He Tao, Meng Songsong
2015, 34(6): 186-192.
Abstract PDF icon147 icon6
Abstract:
Reservoir landslide groundwater level time series prediction in Three Gorges Reservoir area is of great significance for landslide stability analysis.The groundwater level time series may be of chaotic characteristics under the impact of external factors such as seasonal heavy rainfall and periodic reservoir water level fluctuation.Based on the phase space reconstruction of reservoir landslide groundwater level time series,saturation correlation dimension method and maximum Lyapunov exponent method were used to verify the existence of chaotic characteristics of groundwater level time series.Then Least Squares Support Vector Machine(LSSVM)model with high prediction accuracy was proposed for groundwater level time series prediction.The Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)was applied to select the optimal combination for the parameters of LSSVM model.The proposed PSO-LSSVM model can resolve the difficulty in parameters selection of LSSVM model.Daily average groundwater level series of STK-1hydrology hole on the Sanzhouxi landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir area was taken as an example to verify the existence of chaotic characteristics.PSO-LSSVM model was compared with BP Neural Network model.The results show that the groundwater level series is of obvious chaotic characteristics,the Root-Mean-Square Error and goodness of fit of PSO-LSSVM model are 0.193 mand 0.815,respectively.In addition,prediction accuracy of the proposed model is higher than that of BP Neural Network model.The proposed model reflects the evolution law of reservoir landslide groundwater level time series effectively and thus is greatly practicable.
Calculation Method for Water Inflow of Typical Fault Zone in Volcanic Rock Tunnel:Case Study of Qingyunshan Tunnel
Cheng Jianmei, Luo Wei, Xu Zidong, Hu Xuefu
2015, 34(6): 193-199.
Abstract PDF icon139 icon8
Abstract:
With an example of a volcanic surrounding rocks tunnel in Fujian Province,the characters of volcanic aquifer structure and tunnel water inflow have been summarized,and then various methods including the rainfall infiltration method,analytical methods and numerical method are used to calculate the water inflow along the typical fault zones in tunnels.Compared with observed data,the suitability of those methods is evaluated.The results show that,the water inflow along tunnel in a volcanic surrounding rock tunnel is characterized by the pattern of multi-segments inflow controlled by fault.Most traditional analytical methods based on hydrodynamic theory are more suitable for determination of tunnel influx than the rainfall infiltration method and the tritium isotope approach.Numerical methods show their advantages in calculation of initial tunnel inflow by characterizing the heterogeneity of fault zone and complex domain boundary.However,the accuracy of calculated tunnel inflow highly depends on the hydrogeological survey and the description of aquifer parameters.
Characteristics of Water Temperature Based on Fractal and R/S Method in Bangong Co and Dagze Co
Xiao Yu, Xie Shuyun, Wang Mingda, He Yue, Hou Juzhi
2015, 34(6): 200-206.
Abstract PDF icon150 icon10
Abstract:
According to the 24 hour water temperature data from Bangong Co and Dagze Co,both located in the Tibetan Plateau,during August,2012 to August,2013,we discussed the characteristics of water temperature and dynamic processes of the two lakes.The analysis of the water temperature during different periods shows the following results.(1)Laterally,the water temperature of two lakes reached maximum in August with an obvious seasonal change,varying from a minimum 0℃to a maximum 17℃.Meanwhile,it showed an unapparent daily change varying below 1℃.(2)Longitudinally,Bangong Co just stratified at the depth of 20 min summer but Dagze Co stratified at the depth of 16 mduring the whole year.This indicated that Bangong Co is a dimictic lake and the Dagze Co is a typical meromictic lake.Based on the theory of fractal and R/S method,the time series of water temperature from 2012 to 2013represented longrange positive correlation and the structure of Bangong Co would persist in the future.
Well-Logging Identification Technique and Its Application in Mesozoic Igneous Rocks in Bohai Sea Aera
Wei Ajuan
2015, 34(6): 207-213.
Abstract PDF icon189 icon14
Abstract:
With complex lithologic characters and structures,the Mesozoic igneous rocks of Bohai Sea area are difficult to identify.The result of drilling shows that middle and basic volcanic rocks and acid intrusive rocks are the main rock types of the study area.With reference to the geologic classification and well-logging response characteristics,the classification scheme of "composition-texture-structure" was built and a parallel recognition of single factor and comprehensive naming was put forward.From basic rocks to acid rocks,total silicon content rises and total iron content reduces in the data of elemental logging,while the U,Th,K and the total natural gamma all increase in the data of gamma ray spectrometry log.In contrast,the density rises and the gamma reduces in the data of conventional logging.Hence,the texture of the rocks can be identified by conventional logging,lava structure,brecciated structure,tuff structure and alteration structure and can be identified accurately by the data of imaging logging.The block structure,flow structure,vesicular structure and amygdaloidal structure identified by the data of imaging logging can be used to divide the vocalic rocks and the intrusive rocks.The key wells were analyzed with the method and the identified results were in accordance with the data of rock section.This shows the identification is effective and reliable.
Stability Evaluation of Northeast China Border Riverbank:A Case Study in Raohe Area of Ussuri River
Meng Linghui, Dong Yusen, Chen Weitao, Li Xianju, Sun Pan
2015, 34(6): 214-220.
Abstract PDF icon179 icon6
Abstract:
In recent years,the bank collapse geological disaster of the boundary river,Wusuli River in northeast China occurs frequently.The serious riverbank erosion has great effect on production and living of the coastal residents.This work establishes a riverbank stability evaluation system by extracting data of the vegetation coverage,engineering lithological character,geomorphology,geology revetment structure types,profiles and bank collapse geological disaster by means of remote sensing data and geological map of the study area,combined with field survey work and GIS technology.The riverbank stability partition was produced with likelihood ratio method in the river banks of the Raohe County.Evaluation and validation of reliability and accuracy show that the results of the partition agree well with the actual situation.Based on a combination of multi-source geoscience data,this paper conducted riverbank stability with the likelihood ratio method.The method used in this paper will be useful for evaluating the geohazards of bank collapse.
Hydrocarbon Detection for High Temperature and High Pressure Undercompacted Formation:A Case Study of Dongfang X District in Yinggehai Basin
Ma Guangke, Li Fang, Zhou Jiaxiong, Liu Wei, Sun Yuecheng
2015, 34(6): 221-225.
Abstract PDF icon135 icon7
Abstract:
The high temperature and high pressure gas reservoirs are developed in the mid-deep strata of Yinggehai Basin,where the undercompacted formation is formed by rapid subsidence which caused huge undercompacted shale belt.Because of the influence of high temperature and high pressure reservoirs,the seismic reflection features are very complicated for the Dongfang X district located at the southwest of central mud diapir structure of Yinggehai Basin.Because of the undercompacted shale,the seismic bright spot information is invalid.Thus,the conventional hydrocarbon detection methods are not so effective in this district.To resolve this problem,we first conducted the rock physics analysis,and found that the undercompacted shale results in the difficulty of the gas detection technology in this area.Then,we use the prestack inversion for the undercompacted condition and frequency division imaging method to conduct the gas identification for the Dongfang X district.The results show that the methods proposed in this paper can identify and predict the gas target effectively,which is important for the following exploration and development to some extent.
A New Method for Identifing Abnormal Neutron and Density Logging Curves:An Example from Mishrif Reservoir in the Middle East W Oilfield
Fang Xinxin, Tian Zhongyuan, Guo Wei, Deng Ya
2015, 34(6): 226-229.
Abstract PDF icon97 icon7
Abstract:
Quality inspection of logging curve is a necessary part in the reservoir evaluation.The peak frequencies of sonic cures are approximately consistent,but the density value is on the high side and neutron curve is on the low during the evaluation of the Mishrif reservoir of the Middle East W Oilfield.However,to check the quality of the curves in the case of more wells is a huge time consuming project.Hence,a quick method that checks abnormal density and neutron logging curve is proposed to reconstruct a new curve by combining density and neutron logging curve,then calculating the distance between new curve and the sonic curve to automatically identify abnormal curves.The result shows that when the value is equal to or greater than 0.4,the curve is normal,abnormal conversely.A new calibration method is proposed and a new correction formular is introduced because of the inadequacies of the previous calibritions combining the scale and response characteristics of the logging curve after the automatic identification of abnormal curves.In this way the abnormal neutron and density logging curve is adjusted to the normal position and the reasonable total porosity is obtained.
Fast and Dynamic Method for Drawing Exploration Section Based on 3D Geological Model
Zhang Junqiang, Wu Chonglong, Liu Gang, Wu Yong
2015, 34(6): 230-234.
Abstract PDF icon204 icon20
Abstract:
This paper puts forward a new method for drawing exploration section.The conceptual model of exploration section and its style templates were designed based on UML,and the data and map manifestations style of exploration section was separated from each other to enhance the flexibility of sectional drawing program.Three-dimensional geological model and mineral point source database were used as the data source of exploration section drawing and the drawing style of the exploration section was controlled by the structured style template,to achieve the fast and dynamic drawing of standard exploration section.The drawing of engineering geological section of Jiasajiang Hydropower Station project was taken as an example to verify the feasibility of this method.The result shows this method is practical and effective.

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